Abstract. In this paper modelling of extended-range electric vehicle powertrain. The model consists of sub-models of the investigated vehicle with its resistance forces, traction electric motor, range extender supplied with alternative fuel, and Li-Ion battery. Working point parameters of the range extender engine were defined to achieve low liquefied petroleum gas consumption. The model allowed to study possible parameters of vehicle range extender and battery size. The results show the higher influence of range extender power than battery energy capacity on the vehicle range. The defined range extender and battery parameters allow to significantly extend the vehicle range with low fuel consumption. This research provided ground for the further investigation of range extender control strategies.

A range extender is an auxiliary power unit, usually consisting of an internal combustion engine and an electric generator, which is used to charge a battery of an electric vehicle in order to increase its range. This paper considers a range extender supplied with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The aim is to provide detailed data on thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and unit emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in a broad spectrum of range extender operating conditions defined by rotational speed and torque. The experimental investigation has been conducted using a laboratory test stand equipped with an energy dissipation system of adjustable resistance. Measurement results, including fuel flow rate, were processed using custom algorithm for generating maps, i.e., two-dimensional dependencies of the considered parameters on the rotational speed and torque. The maps obtained for LPG supply were compared with those for gasoline supply. The results demonstrated feasibility of LPG-supplied range extender. Its BSFC and thermal efficiency were at a comparable level to those obtained for gasoline supply, but with less CO 2 emission. The empirical data collected has been adopted in the simulation of extended-range electric vehicle in a driving cycle, showing the potential of utilizing the results of this study.Energies 2019, 12, 3528 2 of 23 ( Figure 1). Their principle of operation is same as that of a standard BEVs, with the only difference being that an additional ICE acts as an on-board generator (range extender) to recharge the battery [11]. EREVs operate exclusively as BEVs when battery energy is available and have full performance in electric mode (e.g., top speed, acceleration capability) [12]. This is possible owing to EREV's electric propulsion system and battery sized in such a way that the ICE is not required for vehicle operation as long as battery energy is available [12]. It is therefore preferable to move the vehicle with the use of an electric motor only, i.e., in "zero emission" driving mode, but at the same time, the user is not afraid of running out of battery energy, and so called "range anxiety" (the term was introduced in the late 1990s [13]) is alleviated.Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 25 being that an additional ICE acts as an on-board generator (range extender) to recharge the battery [11]. EREVs operate exclusively as BEVs when battery energy is available and have full performance in electric mode (e.g., top speed, acceleration capability) [12]. This is possible owing to EREV's electric propulsion system and battery sized in such a way that the ICE is not required for vehicle operation as long as battery energy is available [12]. It is therefore preferable to move the vehicle with the use of an electric motor only, i.e., in "zero emission" driving mode, but at the same time, the user is not afraid of running out of battery energy, and so called "range anxiety" (the term was introduced in the late 1990s [13]) is alleviated.

This paper proposes a new type of hybrid powertrain with a specially designed double-clutch transmission. Compared with the existing hybrid powertrains, the proposed solution with double-clutch transmission, based on innovative double-clutch and mechanical gear sets, has the potential to achieve higher levels of performance efficiency at a lower production cost. The impact factors of system efficiency are analysed on a dynamic non-linear simulation model. The control strategies of powertrain and the double-clutch transmission gear ratios are studied by simulation results. Additionally, the double-clutch transmission can increase the efficiency of regenerative braking. he has been a Researcher in the fields of battery modelling and management for EV&HEVs, as well as the configuration design of the propulsion system for HEVs by simulation. She has been involved in several polish national and EU projects regarding the technologies of EV&HEVs, electro mobility and green transportation. A. Szumanowski et al. Zhiyin Liu received his MSc and PhD from Warsaw University of Technology in 2008 and 2015 respectively. He is an Assistant Professor of Warsaw University of Technology since 2015. His research field includes hybrid and electric powertrain, transmission, as well as battery modelling and battery management system. Pawel Krawczyk graduated Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering and obtained Master degree in 2010. Since then he is PhD candidate and part of research team of Professor Antoni Szumanowski in Department of Multisource Propulsion Systems. His field of consideration are electric and hybrid-electric drives, especially modelling, simulation and testing of drives and components.

Clutch-brake system is important element in advanced Compact Hybrid Planetary Transmission Drive (CHPTD). The proper designed clutch/brake system equipped with planetary transmission and additional gears could save energy and improve performance of hybrid powertrain, especially during frequent vehicle starting and regenerative braking. This paper dedicate to design of clutch engaging control strategy in ICE starting procedure. The control of each element in CHPTD during ICE starting is described. Different clutch engaging control strategies are proposed and validated on laboratory stand for various conditions. Optimized control strategy for clutch engaging is selected by analysing the simulation and experimental test results.

Clutch-brake system is important element in advanced Compact Hybrid Planetary Transmission Drive (CHPTD). The proper designed clutch/brake system equipped with planetary transmission and additional gears could save energy and improve performance of hybrid powertrain, especially during frequent vehicle starting and regenerative braking. This paper dedicate to design of clutch engaging control strategy in ICE starting procedure. The control of each element in CHPTD during ICE starting is described. Different clutch engaging control strategies are proposed and validated on laboratory stand for various conditions.Optimized control strategy for clutch engaging is selected by analysing the simulation and experimental test results.