No abstract

The small-seeded legumes are important forage crops for grazing animals and contribute nitrogen to succeeding crops in crop rotation systems. However, the susceptibility of several of the forage legumes to the specialist pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) has never been investigated. The present study on aphid probing behaviour using the Electrical Penetration Graph technique revealed that the forage legumes studied were (i) highly acceptable (common vetch Vicia sativa L.), (ii) acceptable (wooly vetch Vicia villosa Roth), (iii) moderately acceptable (fodder galega Galega orientalis Lam., crimson clover Trifolium incarnatum L., Persian clover Trifolium resupinatum L., white clover Trifolium repens L.), (iv) barely acceptable (common bird’s-foot-trefoil Lotus corniculatus L., yellow lucerne Medicago falcata L., alfalfa Medicago sativa L., sand lucerne Medicago × varia Martyn, common bird’s-foot Ornithopus sativus Brot., alsike clover Trifolium hybridum L., red clover Trifolium pratense L., common sainfoin Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), and (v) unacceptable (white melilot Melilotus albus Medik.) to the pea aphid. On (i) plants, probing occupied 85% of experimental time, all aphids (100%) succeeded in feeding on phloem sap, phloem phase occupied 50% of probing time, sap ingestion periods were long (mean duration: 100.8 ± 28.2 min.) and engaged 97% of the phloem phase. On (ii) plants, probing occupied 73% of exp. time, feeding activity occurred in 66.7% of aphids, phloem phase occupied 30% of probing time, sap ingestion periods were long (mean duration: 115.5 ± 46.7 min) and engaged 80% of the phloem phase. On (iii) plants, probing ranged from 53% of exp. time on T. repens to 70% on T. incarnatum and T. resuspinatum, feeding occurred in 35.3% of aphids on T. resuspinatum up to 54.5% on T. incarnatum, phloem phase occupied 10% of exp. time on G. orientalis, T. incarnatum, and T. resuspinatum and 20% on T. repens, sap ingestion periods were from 9.8 ± 1.8 min. on G. orientalis to 51.9 ± 20.7 min. long on T. resuspinatum and engaged from 30% of phloem phase on G. orientalis to 80% on T. incarnatum. On (iv) plants, probing occupied 25% of exp. time on O. viciifolia up to 38% on O. sativus and T. hybridum, feeding occurred in 6.7% of aphids on T. hybridum to 28% on O. sativus, phloem phase occupied less than 1% of probing time on all plants except O. viciifolia (4%) and O. sativus (5%) and it consisted mainly of salivation. On M. albus (v), probing occupied 22% of experimental time, the probes were short (1.8 ± 0.3 min), and no aphid on M. albus showed feeding on phloem sap. M. albus can be recommended for intercropping, ‘push-pull’ strategies, or as a barrier crop against A. pisum in sustainable agricultural practices.

Although Polish road network standards, in particular higher classes of roads are improving dynamically the number of fatalities on the network is still higher that EU's average. Ensuring road safety and high maintaining standards is a complex issue and one that poses a major challenge for all road authorities. Road accidents at high speed roads characterize specially serious material and social consequences, thus research into road safety is of a special interest and numerous analyses and debates are being conducted worldwide as well as in Poland. In this paper the authors provide the results and recommendations coming from the analysis of accidents which happened on high speed roads during the heavy rainfall. The analysis of incidents which happened on sections with changing vertical alignment shows that a properly designed road geometry does not eliminate road accidents or conflicts.