No abstract

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the interactions of human organic anion transporters (hOATs) and human organic cation transporters (hOCTs) with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) using cells stably expressing hOATs and hOCTs. NSAIDs tested were acetaminophen, acetylsalicylate, salicylate, diclofenac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, naproxen, piroxicam, phenacetin, and sulindac. These NSAIDs inhibited organic anion uptake mediated by hOAT1, hOAT2, hOAT3, and hOAT4. By comparing the IC 50 values of NSAIDs for hOATs, it was found that hOAT1 and hOAT3 exhibited higher affinity interactions with NSAIDs than did hOAT2 and hOAT4. HOAT1, hOAT2, hOAT3, and hOAT4 mediated the uptake of either ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, or salicylate, but not acetylsalicylate. Although organic cation uptake mediated by hOCT1 and hOCT2 was also inhibited by some NSAIDs, hOCT1 and hOCT2 did not mediate the uptake of NSAIDs. In conclusion, hOATs and hOCTs interacted with various NSAIDs, whereas hOATs but not hOCTs mediated the transport of some of these NSAIDs. Considering the localization of hOATs, it was suggested that the interactions of hOATs with NSAIDs are associated with the pharmacokinetics and the induction of adverse reactions of NSAIDs.Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been widely used for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The indications of NSAIDs are broadening from rheumatic diseases and various pain states, such as cancer pain, and biliary and colic pain, to include possibly Alzheimer's disease and colon cancer prevention (Day et al., 2000). Table 1 shows the chemical structures of NSAIDs tested in the current study. Although all of these NSAIDs are weak organic acids, they are grouped in several classes based on their chemical structures. Although the chemical diversity yields a broad range of pharmacokinetic characteristics (Frust and Munster, 2000), they have some general properties in common. NSAIDs have been shown to induce various forms of adverse drug reactions including adverse gastrointestinal effects (Day et al., 2000), renal dysfunction and nephrotoxicity (Day et al., 2000), liver damage (Zimmerman, 1981;Wood et al., 1985;Purcell et al., 1991;Day et al., 2000), adverse neurological effects (Hoppman et al., 1991;Day et al., 2000), and rhabdomyolysis (Ross and Hoppel, 1987;Leventhal et al., 1989;Delrio et al., 1996).The secretion of numerous organic anions and cations, including endogenous metabolites, drugs, and xenobiotics, is an important physiological function of the renal proximal tubule. The process of secreting organic anions and cations through the proximal tubule cells is achieved via unidirectional transcellular transport involving the uptake of organic anions and cations into the cells from the blood across the basolateral membrane, followed by extrusion across the brush-border membrane into the proximal tubule fluid (Pritchard and Miller, 1993). Recently, cDNAs encoding the human organic anion transporter (hOAT) fa...

BackgroundDiarylheptanoids isolated from Curcuma comosa Roxb. have been recently identified as phyto estrogens. However, the mechanism underlying their actions has not yet been identified.ObjectivesWe characterized the estrogenic activity of three active naturally occurring diarylheptanoids both in vitro and in vivo.MethodsWe characterized mechanisms of estrogenic action of the diarylheptanoids (3S)-1,7-diphenyl-(6E)-6-hepten-3-ol (D1), 1,7-diphenyl-(6E)-6-hepten-3-one (D2), and (3R)-1,7-diphenyl-(4E,6E)-4,6-heptadien-3-ol (D3) by using a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay, a mammalian transfection model, and a uterotrophic assay in mice.ResultsAll diarylheptanoids up-regulated estrogen-responsive genes in estrogen-responsive breast cancer cells (MCF-7). In HepG2 cells transfected with estrogen receptor (ER) β or different ERα functional receptor mutants and the Vit-ERE-TATA-Luc reporter gene, all diarylheptanoids induced transcription through a ligand-dependent human ERα-ERE–driven pathway, which was abolished with ICI 182,780 (ER antagonist), whereas only D2 was active with ERβ. An ERα mutant lacking the functional AF2 (activation function 2) region was not responsive to 17β-estradiol (E2) or to any of the diarylheptanoids, whereas ERα lacking the AF1 domain exhibited wild-type–like activity. D3 markedly increased uterine weight and proliferation of the uterine epithelium in ovariectomized mice, whereas D1 and D2 were inactive. D3, like E2, up-regulated lactoferrin (Ltf) gene expression. The responses to D3 in the uterus were inhibited by ICI 182,780. In addition, D3 stimulated both classical (Aqp5) and nonclassical (Cdkn1a) ER-mediated gene regulation.ConclusionsThe results suggest that the D3 diarylheptanoid is an agonist for ER both in vitro and in vivo, and its biological action is ERα selective, specifically requiring AF2 function, and involves direct binding via ER as well as ERE-independent gene regulation.

Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP/SLCO) are generally believed to function as electroneutral anion exchangers, but direct evidence for this contention has only been provided for one member of this large family of genes, rat Oatp1a1/Oatp1 (Slco1a1). In contrast, a recent study has indicated that human OATP1B3/OATP-8 (SLCO1B3) functions as a GSH-bile acid cotransporter. The present study examined the transport mechanism and possible GSH requirement of the two members of this protein family that are expressed in relatively high levels in the human liver, OATP1B3/OATP-8 and OATP1B1/OATP-C (SLCO1B1). Uptake of taurocholate in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing either OATP1B1/OATP-C, OATP1B3/OATP-8, or polymorphic forms of OATP1B3/OATP-8 (namely, S112A and/or M233I) was cis-inhibited by taurocholate and estrone sulfate but was unaffected by GSH. Likewise, taurocholate and estrone sulfate transport were trans-stimulated by estrone sulfate and taurocholate but were unaffected by GSH. OATP1B3/OATP-8 also did not mediate GSH efflux or GSH-taurocholate cotransport out of cells, indicating that GSH is not required for transport activity. In addition, estrone sulfate uptake in oocytes microinjected with OATP1B3/OATP-8 or OATP1B1/OATP-C cRNA was unaffected by depolarization of the membrane potential or by changes in pH, suggesting an electroneutral transport mechanism. Overall, these results indicate that OATP1B3/OATP-8 and OATP1B1/OATP-C most likely function as bidirectional facilitated diffusion transporters and that GSH is not a substrate or activator of their transport activity.

No abstract