Spondylolisthesis refers to the anterior, lateral, or posterior slippage of a superior vertebral disc over the adjacent inferior disc, and is often separated into categories based on the causative etiology. Spondylolisthesis is often asymptomatic but may present with low back pain and neurogenic claudication which is worsened with spinal extension and activity. A detailed history and physical exam, along with appropriate imaging tests are useful in making the diagnosis. Conservative therapy is first-line and includes pain management with physical therapy. Patients who fail conservative therapy may consider surgical decompression, stabilization, and fusion. This review aims to discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, presentation, and treatment options of spondylolisthesis.

IntroductionMedical clearance for patients with primary psychiatric complaints presenting to the emergency department has been debated for decades. Emergency physicians have argued that clearance labs are unnecessary, yet psychiatrists may still order or require them. A retrospective review was conducted to evaluate the continued need for labs of psychiatric patients and help identify high risk groups that may need additional intervention prior to medical clearance.MethodsCharts of 163 patients from Ochsner LSU Shreveport Psychiatric Crisis Unit (PCU) were reviewed with data collected of history, physical examination, review of systems, vitals and routine lab work including complete blood count (CBC), comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), urine drug screen (UDS), serum ethanol level (EtOH), urinalysis (UA), creatine kinase (CK), urine pregnancy test (UPT), and rapid COVID-19.ResultsReview identified 82 patients (50.3%) that received interventions prior to medical clearance. Most common intervention was intravenous (IV) fluids (n = 59; 45%) followed by admission to other service (n = 15; 8.4%), imaging (n = 10; 7.6%), antihypertensive medication (n = 3; 3.1%), cardiac workup (n = 3; 2.3%), antibiotics (n = 3; 2.3%), lorazepam for undocumented reasons (n = 2; 1.5%). Additional interventions completed once included immunizations, antiseizure medication, pain medication, and additional lab work. Causes for IV fluids were reviewed with elevated creatine kinase (CK) (n = 31; 50.8%) being most common. Additional causes included undocumented (n = 12; 19.7%), tachycardia (n = 6; 9.8%), elevated EtOH level (n = 3; 4.9%), dehydration (n = 2; 3.3%), acute kidney injury (AKI) (n = 2; 3.3%), leukocytosis following a seizure (n = 1; 1.6%), elevated CK and leukocytosis (n = 1; 1.6%), and AKI and elevated CK (n = 1; 1.6%). Most common cause for medical admission was elevated CK being cited in 8 out of 15 admissions (53.3%). Additional causes for admission included AKI (n = 2; 14.3%), seizures and leukocytosis (n = 1; 6.7%), rule out of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (n = 1; 6.7%), alcohol withdrawal (n = 1; 6.7%), encephalopathy with drop in hemoglobin and white blood cell count (n = 1; 6.7%), and encephalopathy with elevated CK (n = 1; 6.7%).DiscussionOur results support the recommended guidelines set by AAEP for laboratory testing in addition to history, vital signs and physical examination prior to medical clearance. Certain laboratory testing such as CK and CMP were identified to have higher utility for medical intervention while other lab work such as UA and UDS had less of an impact. Further, we suggest that specifically a CK and CMP be obtained on patients presenting with any of the following: agitation, abnormal vital signs, intoxication, or a history of or current stimulant use as these were factors correlated with lab abnormalities that led to interventions.