Proliferation of technology in the form of internet, mobile phone and social media access and usage is exposing many youths to cyber bullying activities. Cyber bullying activities are viewed as negative consequences of growth and development in technology. Many of the victims of cyber bullying include those that have been trapped in the technology through obsessive and addictive behaviours. The study was conducted in order to understand cyber bullying in educational institutions in Sub- Saharan Africa. The study is guided by the following five objectives: understanding cyber bullying and its manifestations among learners in education institutions; explore contributing factors in education institutions; determine the prevalence of cyber bullying in education institutions; examine the effects of cyber bullying among learners in education institutions and determine ways of dealing with cyber bullying among learners in education institution. The study adopted a case study approach and involved 123 respondents with a response rate of 64% (n=192). A survey questionnaire was used to collect data. Resulting data was analysed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Evidence suggests that cyber bullying has serious psychological harm on the victims some leading to suicidal thoughts and suicide, among others. The study concludes that the effects of cyber bullying are far reaching and devastating to the learners and the institutional safety as well. The study recommends that more research and awareness are needed in an effort to control this menace and make outreaching and learning institutions safe.

Purpose: With the increased tourism demand among domestic tourists in Kenya their travel needs for tourism products and services varies considerably due to their unique characteristics. The purpose of this study was to identify demographic and travel characteristics exhibited by domestic tourists in the Coast region of Kenya. Methodology: The study adopted explanatory research approach while cross-sectional survey design was used to collect quantitative data from domestic tourists’ visiting Coast region, Kenya. Simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents while data was collected using self-administered structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and Chi-square techniques. Notably, 400 questionnaires were distributed of which 371 were successfully analyzed representing 73.3% return rate. Findings: It was found out that both demographic and travel characteristics significantly influence the final travel choice and purchase decisions among domestic tourist in Kenya. Subsequently, form the analysis demographic and travel characteristics are pivotal in forming basis for market segmentation, positioning and branding initiatives in a destination. The findings indicated that duration of current visit is dependent on annual income (𝟀2=23.055, p=0.027), number of times visited is dependent on age (𝟀2=30.579, p=0.015), while travel arrangement is dependent on age (𝟀2=9.986, p=0.041). The mode of transport depended on age (𝟀2=52.645, p=0.012) and mode of transport is dependent on education (𝟀2=44.734, p=0.006). Recommendations: Based on the findings, it is imperative for destination managers to focus on: identification and prioritization of preferred local appeal; avail market information based on travel needs of domestic tourists, and; constantly carry out periodical market surveys in order to address market dynamics for increased travel propensity for sustainability of the industry.

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Demographic and travel characteristics are significant in forming the basis for market segmentation, positioning, and branding initiatives for a destination. This study sought to examine demographic and travel characteristics exhibited by domestic tourists and their effects on purchase decisions and travel choices. The study adopted both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. A simple random sampling technique was used to select domestic tourists, while data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive and Chi-square techniques. Four hundred questionnaires were distributed, out of which 371 were returned, representing a 73.3% rate. The findings indicated that the duration of the current visit is dependent on annual income (????2 = 23.055, p = 0.027), the number of times visited is dependent on age (????2 = 30.579, p = 0.015), while travel arrangement is dependent on age (????2 = 9.986, p = 0.041). The mode of transport depends on age (????2 = 52.645, p = 0.012), and  on education (????2 = 44.734, p = 0.006). The study recommends focusing on identifying and prioritising preferred local destinations and attractions for the domestic tourist market depending on demographic and travel characteristics to increase travel propensity for the sustainability of the industry.