Abstract:The present work is a survey of the herpetofauna of Carlos Botelho State Park (CBSP), located in the region of Serra de Paranapiacaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Data were gathered from specimens collected in six areas within the park during a period of 76 days distributed in one year, and from three Brazilian scientific collections. We also offer photographs and information on the biology and occurrence of species within the park and among Brazilian biomes. The herpetofauna of CBSP may be considered one of the most diverse in the State of São Paulo, with 65 species of amphibians and 59 species of reptiles recorded in the present study. From the 65 species of amphibia recorded, 84% (55 spp.) are endemic from forested areas of the Atlantic forest. We also distinguished different altitudinal patterns within the amphibian assemblage, with 46% being recorded only at altitudes above 500 m, while 9% are exclusive of areas under 400 m and 45% occur in all altitudes within the park. The reptile fauna of PECB is composed of 59 species, including 10 species of lizards, 48 snakes, and one chelonian. Among the snakes collected at the CBSP, the Lancehead Bothrops jararaca was the most frequent, with 26,9% (N = 14) of the total of the collected specimens. Species that are considered difficult to sample, such as Echinanthera cephalostriata (13,5%; N = 7) and Taeniophallus affinis (7,7%; N = 4), were also numerous in PECB. Among lizards, Enyalius iheringii was the most abundant species, representing 50% (N = 16) of sampled specimens. We also performed a cluster analysis comparing 25 amphibian assemblages from different localities in the Atlantic Forest, and including the PECB, which resulted in the clustering of four main groups. The anurofauna of PECB presented high similarity with the assemblages of Jacupiranga (0,68) and Intervales (0,66) State Parks. These places are geographically close and constitute one of the largest preserved forest fragments of Atlantic rainforest in Brazil. The present work provides at the first time a list of reptiles for the CBSP, and complements the knowledge about the amphibian fauna at the CBSP. Resumo: O presente trabalho consiste em um inventário da herpetofauna do Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), localizado na região da Serra de Paranapiacaba, Estado de São Paulo. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de coletas em seis áreas dentro do PECB durante um período de 76 dias distribuídos em um ano, e também por meio de consulta a coleções científicas para obtenção de dados secundários. São apresentados resultados sobre a biologia e ocorrência das espécies no PECB e no Brasil, além de fotografias das diferentes espécies que compõem a herpetofauna do PECB. A herpetofauna do PECB pode ser considerada uma das mais diversificadas de São Paulo, com 65 espécies de anfíbios confirmadas e 59 espécies de répteis registrados neste trabalho. Das 65 espécies de anfíbios, 84% (55 spp.) são endêmicas das formações florestais da Mata Atlântica. Devido às características do relevo do PECB, foram encontra...

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Nuclear and mitochondrial genomes coexist within cells but are subject to different tempos and modes of evolution. Evolutionary forces such as drift, mutation, selection, and migration are expected to play fundamental roles in the origin and maintenance of diverged populations; however, divergence may lag between genomes subject to different modes of inheritance and functional specialization. Herein, we explore whole mitochondrial genome data and thousands of nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms to evidence extreme mito-nuclear discordance in the small black-tailed brush lizard, Urosaurus nigricaudus, of the Peninsula of Baja California, Mexico and southern California, USA, and discuss potential drivers. Results show three deeply divergent mitochondrial lineages dating back to the later Miocene (ca. 5.5 Ma) and Pliocene (ca. 2.8 Ma) that likely followed geographic isolation due to trans-peninsular seaways. This contrasts with very low levels of genetic differentiation in nuclear loci (FST < 0.028) between mtDNA lineages. Analyses of protein-coding genes reveal substantial fixed variation between mitochondrial lineages, of which a significant portion comes from non-synonymous mutations. A mixture of drift and selection is likely responsible for the rise of these mtDNA groups, albeit with little evidence of marked differences in climatic niche space between them. Finally, future investigations can look further into the role that mito-nuclear incompatibilities and mating systems play in explaining contrasting nuclear gene flow.