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NASA has been investigating potential translunar excursion concepts to take place in the 2020s that would be used to test and demonstrate long duration life support and other systems needed for eventual Mars missions in the 2030s. These potential trajectory concepts could be conducted in the proving ground, a region of cislunar and near-Earth interplanetary space where international space agencies could cooperate to develop the technologies needed for interplanetary spaceflight. Enabled by high power Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) technologies, the excursion trajectory concepts studied are grouped into three classes of increasing distance from the Earth and increaseing technical difficulty: the first class of excursion trajectory concepts would represent a 90-120 day round trip trajectory with abort to Earth options throughout the entire length, the second class would be a 180-210 day round trip trajectory with periods in which aborts would not be available, and the third would be a 300-400 day round trip trajectory without aborts for most of the length of the trip. This paper provides a top-level summary of the trajectory and mission design of representative example missions of these three classes of excursion trajectory concepts.

NASA is evolving a long-term strategy to pioneer space to expand human and robotic presence farther into the solar system, not just to explore and visit, but to stay. NASA's strategy is designed to meet technical and non-technical challenges, leverage current and near-term activities, and lead to a future where humans can work, learn, operate, and thrive safely in space for an extended, and eventually indefinite, period of time. An important aspect of this strategy is the implementation of proving ground activities needed to ensure confidence in both Mars systems and deep space operations prior to embarking on the journey to Mars. As part of the proving ground development, NASA is assessing potential mission concepts that could validate the required capabilities needed to expand human presence into the solar system. An initial step in the proving ground is to establish human presence in cislunar space to enable development and testing of systems and operations required to enable crewed Mars missions in the 2030s and safely explore other deep space destinations. These capabilities may also be leveraged to support potential commercial and international objectives for lunar surface missions. This paper will identify a series of potential proving ground missions and flight test objectives that support NASA on the journey to Mars and can be leveraged for commercial and international goals. The paper will discuss how early missions will begin to satisfy these objectives, including extensibility and applicability to Mars exploration systems and operations. The initial capability provided by NASA's Space Launch System will be described as well as planned upgrades required to support longer and more complex missions. Potential architectures and mission concepts will be examined as options to satisfy proving ground objectives. In addition, commercial and international participation opportunities will be assessed on their ability to enable the development of exploration capabilities and operations applicable to Mars vicinity and surface missions.

La presente investigación realiza una aproximación crítico hermenéutica al problema de las Zonas de Sacrificio en Chile y el papel jugado históricamente por la Sociedad Civil, a la luz de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la Agenda 2030. Se caracteriza la forma como se entrelazan las luchas de los movimientos sociales por la vida, salud y Justicia Ambiental, con los esfuerzos de las empresas termoeléctricas por rentabilizar sus inversiones; determinando las precarias condiciones en que sobrevive y muere la población en las llamadas Zonas de Sacrificio. Se analiza un conjunto de antecedentes del proceso histórico de configuración de la situación actual a la luz del Marco Legal existente, logrando evidenciar nuevos escenarios y condiciones de posibilidad para los esfuerzos de los movimientos sociales, y la Sociedad Civil en general, en la lucha por condiciones de vida más sostenibles y dignas; y de una relación más armónica con la Madre Naturaleza.