In this paper, we analyse the patterns and trends of horizontal inequality and ethnic diversity in Brazil in the past 30 years and their effect on the quality of the country's institutions. Using data from the last four demographic censuses (1980, 1991, 2000, and 2010), we estimate numerous measures to analyse inequalities between different 'ethnic' groups. Our results show that, in Brazil between 1980 and 2010, the trend toward greater equality shown in other analyses of vertical inequality, is also found in terms of horizontal inequalities along racial, gender, and regional lines. Nevertheless, horizontal inequalities in terms of race and gender, in particular, remain pronounced. Ethnic diversity regarding race and religion has increased since 1980. Through our regression analysis, we note that both horizontal inequality and ethnic diversity negatively affect the institutional quality of Brazilian municipalities.

Resumo: Com o presente trabalho teve-se como objetivo analisar o impacto da expansão do setor naval em razão do Programa de Mobilização da Indústria Nacional de Petróleo e Gás Natural (Prominp) no Brasil, instituído em 2003, sobre a arrecadação de impostos dos municípios afetados pela política, tendo como foco de análise o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, onde os investimentos no setor se intensificaram a partir de 2006. Tem-se então, um painel de dados em nível municipal com as variáveis de interesse para o período de 2000 a 2012. O método utilizado para avaliar o impacto foi o de diferenças em diferenças com efeito fixo de município. Os resultados encontrados, ao considerar o principal grupo de controle da análise, o Conselho Regional de Desenvolvimento da Região Sul (Corede Sul), mostram que a expansão do setor naval impactou de forma positiva a arrecadação do Imposto Predial e Territorial Urbano (IPTU) e do Imposto sobre a Propriedade de Veículos Automotores (IPVA), tendo este, no ano 2006, um aumento de 25,8% e 30,8%, respectivamente.Palavras-chave: Setor Naval. Política Pública. Tributação. Diferenças em Diferenças. Effect of the Policy of Mobilization of the Naval Sector in Rio Grande do Sul: an analysis on the municipal collection  Abstract: This study aims to analyze the impact of the expansion of naval sector due to Programa de Mobilização da Indústria Nacional de Petróleo e Gás Natural (Prominp) in Brazil, established in 2003, on the collection of taxes from the municipalities that received the intervention, focusing on the analysis for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, where the investments in the sector increase from 2006. Has a panel of municipal-level data with the variables of interest for the period 2000 to 2012. The method used to measure this impact was the differences in differences with fixed effect of municipalities. The results, considering the main control group analysis, Conselho Regional de Desenvolvimento da Região Sul (Corede Sul), show that the expansion of naval sector positively impacted, in 2006, the collection of the Urban Land and Territorial Tax (IPTU) and Property Tax on Motor Vehicles (IPVA) in 25.8% and 30.8%, respectively.Keywords: Naval Sector. Public Policy. Taxation. Differences in Differences.

The study analyzed the association between socioeconomic position (income), maternal depression and the health of children in Brazil, using information from the 2008 National Household Survey (PNAD/IBGE). The analysis considered the sampling design for the research and included 46,874 individuals up to the age of nine. The Poisson models were estimated for three health outcomes for children: health as reported by the parents or the responsible person, restrictions on habitual activities for health reasons and periods when they were confined to bed two weeks before the interviews in the study. The results showed an association between the mothers' depression and the three health outcomes, even after taking into account the following: socioeconomic position, maternal characteristics (health self-referral, age, level of education and smoking), age, gender, the child's race, geographical region, the situation as noted in the census and the number of residents in a household. It was found that there still exists an association between maternal depression and children's health irrespective of socioeconomic position. Therefore public policies that aim to reduce the adverse effects of maternal depression on the health of children need to also take into account the higher income segments of society.

This article aims to examine the existence of rule manipulation and moral hazard in the Brazilian Unemployment Insurance Program. For empirical analysis, the rule manipulation test by Cattaneo, Janson and Ma (2016) was used, as well as fuzzy and sharp regression discontinuity. The data was built using data from the National Employment and Unemployment Survey from January 2008 to June 2014 due to the greater homogeneity of the rules for benefit access. Based on the results, the program is an influence on the length of employment of Brazilian workers given the existence of rule manipulation, assessed by the length of stay in the last job. Furthermore, it was found that heads of families and their children were less likely to search for employment. This findings were corroborated when data from the program beneficiaries only was assessed, showing a lower job search probability, between -21.80 p.p. and -15.08 p.p. for the children, and between -39.40 p.p. and -28.50 p.p. for the heads of families. Thus, it is possible to confirm the existence of both rule manipulation the access of the program, as well as moral hazard, which points to the need to restructure the program, and above all, have less influence on the national labor market.

A relação entre saneamento básico e saúde está cada vez mais inserida nos estudos das ciências econômicas, tendo em vista a preocupação com o bem-estar social. Nesse sentido, este estudo analisa as questões espaciais que envolvem os efeitos do acesso a condições de saneamento inadequadas sobre os índices de mortalidade infantil para os municípios brasileiros nos anos de 1991, 2000 e 2010. Para isso, foram utilizados modelos de dados em painel espacial, sendo utilizadas como variáveis dependentes a taxa de mortalidade infantil (0 a 1 ano) e a taxa de mortalidade na infância (0 a 5 anos). Os resultados indicam que o acesso aos serviços de saneamento inadequados impacta positivamente na taxa de mortalidade infantil e na taxa de mortalidade na infância. Da mesma forma, observa-se a presença de efeito transbordamento entre municípios vizinhos sob as taxas de mortalidade infantil no que se refere às condições inadequadas de saneamento.