The chromosomes of the primitive South American teleost fish Hoplias malabaricus have been analyzed by classical cytogenetic (C-, AgNOR-, Hoechst 33258-, and Q-banding) techniques. A highly repetitive DNA family has been cloned and sequenced. It is a tandemly repeated sequence of about 355 bp, yielding an overall base pair composition of 67% AT with long runs of > 50% As and 70% Ts. Analysis of sequence variation has allowed the further categorization of Hoplias satellite DNA into two evolutionary related subfamilies A and B, distinguishable by characteristic insertions and deletions within this 355-bp monomer. Subfamily A satellite is found (in diverged form) at the centromeres of most H. malabaricus chromosomes. Sequence variants are clustered on specific chromosomal subsets. Subfamily B satellite is highly specific for the paracentromeric heterochromatin on one particular chromosome pair by fluorescence in situ hybridization. These results indicate that the Hoplias satellite DNA family has evolved in a concerted manner predominantly via recombination events involving homologous, rather than non-homologous chromosome regions. The clones isolated here may be useful for the molecular, genetic, and cytological analysis of the genus Hoplias.
Human activities have a considerable impact on hydrographic systems and fish fauna. The present review on conservation genetics of neotropical freshwater fish reveals that DNA analyses have been promoting increased knowledge on the genetic structure of fish species and their response to environmental changes. This knowledge is fundamental to the management of wild fish populations and the establishment of Evolutionary Significant Units capable of conserving genetic integrity. While population structuring can occur even in long-distance migratory fish, isolated populations can show reduced genetic variation and be at greater risk of extinction. Phylogeography and phylogeny have been powerful tools in understanding the evolution of fish populations, species and communities in distinct neotropic environments. Captive fish can be used to introduce new individuals and genes into the wild and their benefits and disadvantages can be monitored through genetic analysis. Understanding how fish biodiversity in neotropical freshwaters is generated and maintained is highly important, as these habitats are transformed by human development and fish communities are increasingly exploited as food sources to sustain a growing human population.Keywords: molecular genetics, fish population, biology conservation. Contribuição da Genética da Conservação para o conhecimento da biodiversidade dos peixes de água doce neotropicais ResumoAtividades humanas têm um grande impacto sobre os sistemas hidrográficos e a fauna de peixes. A presente revisão em genética da conservação dos peixes de água doce neotropicais revela que as análises de DNA têm promovido um crescimento no conhecimento da estrutura genética das espécies e suas respostas às alterações ambientais. Este conhecimento é fundamental para o manejo das populações de peixes nativos e para o estabelecimento de Unidades Evolutivas Significantes capazes de conservar a integridade genética dessas populações. Enquanto o fenômeno de estruturação de populações pode ocorrer mesmo em peixes migradores de longas distâncias, populações isoladas podem mostrar reduzida variação genética e apresentar grande risco de extinção. Em adição, a filogeografia e a filogenia têm dado importantes contribuições para o entendimento da evolução das populações, espécies e comunidades de peixes em distintos ambientes neotropicais. Populações de cativeiro podem ser utilizadas como fonte de introdução de novos indivíduos e genes no ambiente natural e seus benefícios e desvantagens podem ser monitorados por meio de análises genéticas. É altamente importante, portanto, entender como é gerada e mantida a biodiversidade de peixes de água doce neotropicais, uma vez que os habitats são transformados pelo desenvolvimento humano e as comunidades de peixes têm sido intensamente exploradas como alimento de sustentação desse crescimento das populações humanas.Palavras-chave: genética molecular, populações de peixes, conservação biológica.
ABSTRACT. Previous genetic studies conducted with migratory fish populations from downstream of the Três Marias dam in the São Francisco River Basin (Brazil) have documented the occurrence of population structuring, as reported for Brycon orthotaenia and Prochilodus argenteus, two commercially important species in this basin. We revisited the genetic structure of these species using microsatellites. B. orthotaenia was sampled during the spawning season and was analyzed using five heterologous microsatellites. P. argenteus was collected in the non-reproductive season and genetic analysis was conducted using ten speciesspecific microsatellites. For both species, genetic diversity between collection sites was similar. Considering B. orthotaenia, F ST and R ST estimates and the Bayesian analysis demonstrated significant differences between sites. Two well-defined populations were identified in the study area, indicating population structuring for this species. No significant differences were found for P. argenteus. These data provide information for knowledge regarding genetic structure of migratory fish species, which may contribute toward the conservation besides the understanding the biology and ecology of these important fishery resources. Keywords: migratory fish, freshwater fish, genetic structure, Characidae, Prochilodontidae, microsatallite, Brazil.Estructura genética poblacional de dos especies de peces migratorios de agua dulce (Brycon orthotaenia y Prochilodus argenteus) en la cuenca del Río San Francisco (Brasil) y su importancia para la conservación RESUMEN. Estudios genéticos anteriores realizados con poblaciones de peces migratorios de aguas abajo de la represa de las Tres Marías en la cuenca del río San Francisco (Brasil) han documentado casos de estructuración genética, como se ha descrito para Brycon orthotaenia y Prochilodus argenteus, dos especies de importancia comercial. Se revisó la estructura genética de estas especies utilizando microsatélites. Se obtuvieron muestras de B. orthotaenia durante la temporada de desove y se analizaron mediante cinco microsatélites heterólogos. Muestras de P. argenteus fueron recogidas en la temporada no reproductiva y el análisis genético se realizó utilizando diez microsatélites específicos para P. argenteus. Para ambas especies, la diversidad genética entre los sitios de recolección fue similar. Considerando a B. orthotaenia, las estimaciones F ST y R ST y el análisis Bayesiano demostraron diferencias significativas entre los sitios. Se identificaron dos poblaciones bien definidas en el área de estudio, indicando una estructuración de la población de esta especie. No se encontraron diferencias significativas para P. argenteus. Estos datos proporcionan información para el conocimiento sobre la estructura genética de las especies de peces migratorios, que puede contribuir a la conservación, además de la comprensión de la biología y ecología de estos importantes recursos pesqueros. Palabras clave: peces migratorios, peces de agua dulce, estructura genética, Chara...
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