Foi investigada a eficácia comparativa da pulverização foliar em tomateiro de acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) e Ecolife® na proteção contra Xanthomonas vesicatoria, bem como avaliada a ativação de algumas respostas bioquímicas de defesa de planta. Plantas de tomateiro cv. Santa Cruz Kada foram pulverizadas com acibenzolar S-metil (0,2 g l-1 ASM) e uma formulação natural proveniente de biomassa cítrica denominada Ecolife® (5 ml l-1). Quatro dias após as pulverizações, as plantas foram inoculadas com um isolado patogênico de Xanthomonas vesicatoria. Em experimentos de quantificação de doença, a pulverização foliar de Ecolife® e ASM conferiu 39,2% e 47,7% de proteção, respectivamente. A resistência induzida em plantas pulverizadas com ASM e Ecolife® foi evidenciada pelo aumento da atividade de peroxidases (POX) e oxidases de polifenóis (PPO), iniciado logo às primeiras horas após as pulverizações, continuando até 12 dias de avaliação. A despeito da tendência de queda nas atividades de amônia-liases de fenilalanina (PAL) a partir de 3 dias após as pulverizações, plantas tratadas com ASM e Ecolife® tiveram discreto aumento no acúmulo de lignina, principalmente aquelas pulverizadas com Ecolife® e inoculadas com X. vesicatoria. Teores de fenóis solúveis totais decresceram significativamente, 9 e 12 dias após pulverizações. O aumento nas atividades de POX e PPO poderia resultar em lignificação, a qual estaria associada a uma estratégia de defesa do tomateiro contra a mancha bacteriana.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de concentrações de extrato de casca de café, óleo essencial de tomilho e acibenzolar-S-metil na germinação, no crescimento micelial e no desenvolvimento in vivo de Cercospora coffeicola, além de caracterizar a efi ciência deles como indutores de resistência, e determinar a atividade da enzima peroxidase e o acúmulo de lignina nos tecidos de cafeeiro. O extrato de casca de café não afetou a germinação, entretanto, inibiu o crescimento micelial proporcionalmente ao aumento das concentrações. O óleo essencial de tomilho inibiu a germinação e o crescimento micelial com o aumento das concentrações. O extrato de casca de café e o acibenzolar-S-metil não afetaram a germinação nem o desenvolvimento dos tubos germinativos, diferentemente do óleo essencial de tomilho. Mudas tratadas com acibenzolar-S-metil, extrato de casca de café e óleo essencial de tomilho, apresentaram picos de atividade da peroxidase aos 2 e 11, 7 e 11 e, 2 e 9 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos, respectivamente. Os tratamentos não diferiram quanto à concentração de lignina. Extrato de casca de café e acibenzolar-S-metil induziram resistência em mudas de cafeeiro contra C. coffeicola e o óleo essencial de tomilho apresentou efeito tóxico ao patógeno.Termos para indexação: Cercospora coffeicola, Coffea arabica, indução de resistência, microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Coffee berry husk extract, thyme essential oil and acibenzolar-S-methyl in the control of brown eye spot of coffee treeAbstract -The objective of this work was to assess the effect of the coffee berry husk extract, thyme essential oil and acibenzolar-S-methyl on the germination and micelial growth and on in vivo development of Cercospora coffeicola, and to characterize their effi ciency as resistance inducers in coffee plants, and to determine the peroxidase activity and lignin accumulation in tissues of coffee tree. The coffee berry husk extract presented no toxic effect on germination; however, it inhibited the mycelial growth proportionally to the increase of the concentrations. The thyme essential oil inhibited the germination and the mycelial growth with the increase of concentrations. Both coffee berry husk extract and acibenzolar-S-methyl neither affected the germination nor the development of germinative tubes, differently of thyme essential oil. Seedlings treated with acibenzolar-S-methyl, coffee berry husk extract and thyme essential oil presented peaks of peroxidase activity at 2 nd and 11 th , 7 th and 11 th and, 2 nd and 9 th days after treatment, respectively. The treatments did not differ in lignin content. Coffee berry husk extract and acibenzolar-S-methyl induced resistance in coffee seedlings against C. coffeicola, and thyme essential oil presented toxic effect on the pathogen.
The rust and brown eye spot, caused by Hemileia vastatrix and Cercospora coffeicola, respectively, are the most important fungal diseases on coffee in South America. Their management is mainly by chemical treatment, and there is no genetic resistance to brown eye spot known so far. Considering the need for developing alternative products for their control, the goal of this work was to evaluate the effects of phosphites and by‐products of coffee and citrus industries on rust and brown eye spot. Formulations of coffee and citrus industry by‐products, phosphites and their combination with fungicide were evaluated in field experiments, and their effect on fungal urediniospores and conidia was evaluated in vitro. In the field, treatments were applied individually or in combination and the in vitro assays were performed with manganese phosphite (Reforce Mn), potassium phosphite and citrus industry by‐product (Fortaleza), copper phosphite and coffee industry by‐product (Fitoforce Full), and fungicide. The severity and incidence of rust and brown eye spot on coffee leaves, yield, and leaf retention were evaluated in the field. Percentage of spore germination was evaluated in vitro for both fungi, whereas mycelial growth was evaluated for C. coffeicola only. The treatments Fortaleza, Reforce Mn and Fitoforce Full suppressed both diseases with a reduction in defoliation. In the year 2012, the plants treated with Reforce Mn and Reforce Mn + Fortaleza showed a yield increase of 72 and 88%, respectively, which was similar to the results shown by the fungicide treatment. In vitro inhibition of germination of H. vastatrix urediniospores and of C. coffeicola conidia was observed and suggests that the products exert some toxic effects to both fungi. Finally, the results observed indicate that the combined use of by‐products of plant‐processing industries and phosphites is an alternative and can be added efficiently to the management of coffee diseases.
Avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação de extratos vegetais em induzir resistência à ferrugem, à cercosporiose e à mancha de Phoma em cafeeiro orgânico. O ensaio foi instalado em lavoura orgânica em Santo Antônio do Amparo, MG, cultivada com cafeeiros cv. "Acaiá MG-474-19", de quatro anos. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: 1. Testemunha pulverizada com Viça-café plus® aplicado em dezembro, janeiro e fevereiro; 2. Testemunha pulverizada com água; 3. Extrato aquoso de casca de fruto de café (CFC); 4. Extrato aquoso de folha de café com ferrugem (EFID); 5. Extrato aquoso de lobeira (Solanum lycocarpum) infectada com Crinipellis perniciosa (VLA) e 6. Extrato comercial de biomassa cítrica (Ecolife®). Os cafeeiros foram pulverizados mensalmente de 4 de março a 26 de junho de 2005. CFC e EFID reduziram a incidência da ferrugem, da cercosporiose e da mancha de Phoma comparativamente aos percentuais de doença observados nas testemunhas pulverizadas com água e com Viça-café. CFC reduziu a severidade da cercosporiose em 47%, comparado ao tratamento pulverizado com água. EFID e VLA reduziram a severidade da ferrugem em 31 e 27%. O melhor resultado foi proporcionado pelo EFID ao reduzir em 61% a incidência de Phoma em relação à testemunha pulverizada com água. O produto Ecolife® teve um desempenho intermediário aos melhores tratamentos e às testemunhas. EFID, CFC e VLA levaram a maior acúmulo de lignina nos tecidos foliares, diferenciando-se das testemunhas.
The study of inbreeding depression is important for breeding strategies such as use of inbred progenies or extraction of inbreed lines. A diallel of 28 maize open-pollinated varieties was evaluated in 10 environments in the early 1990s. At the same time, S 1 populations for each of the 28 varieties were evaluated in the same 10 experiments (environments). Yield reductions of the populations from S 0 to S 1 (mean of the 10 environments), varied from 34.6% (CMS-01) to 59.2% (CMS-30), with an average of 49.1%. Inbreeding depression was greater in populations with a wider genetic base, which had never been exposed to inbreeding (CMS-30, BR-107, PH4, Cunha, Saracura, Nitrodent, and Nitroflint). Inbred lines with greater yield means should be obtained from the BR-105, BR-111, CMS-01, CMS-03, BR-106, CMS-14c, and CMS-28 populations. The use of parameter estimates generated by analysis of inbreeding depression, allow to make inferences about frequencies of deleterious alleles in the population. The frequencies of favorable alleles in the parents can be obtained by diallel analysis. The association of these two types of information, can provide a better interpretation of the genetic parameters and also can improve the process of selection of parents for either an intra-or an inter-populational breeding program.
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