Cerebral ischemic injury may lead to a series of serious brain diseases, death or different degrees of disability. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor, which mediates the adaptive metabolic response to hypoxia and serves a key role in cerebral ischemia. HIF-1α is the main molecule that responds to hypoxia. HIF-1α serves an important role in the development of cerebral ischemia by participating in numerous processes, including metabolism, proliferation and angiogenesis. The present review focuses on the endogenous protective mechanism of cerebral ischemia and elaborates on the role of HIF-1α in cerebral ischemia. In addition, it focuses on cerebral ischemia interventions that act on the HIF-1α target, including biological factors, non-coding RNA, hypoxic-ischemic preconditioning and drugs, and expands upon the measures to strengthen the endogenous compensatory response to support HIF-1α as a therapeutic target, thus providing novel suggestions for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Contents1. Introduction 2. Literature screening method 3. Role of HIF-1α in cerebral ischemia 4. HIF-1α protects the brain via the regulation of endogenous substances 5. Role of HIF-1α in cerebral ischemic preconditioning (IPC) 6. Role of HIF-1α in the protective effects of natural compounds against cerebral ischemia 7. Concluding remarks and future perspectives

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI ) is a threat to human life and physical health all over the world . Timely reperfusion is very important to limit infarct size and protect ischemic myocardium . Unfortunately, it also caused more severer myocardial damage, which is called "myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI )''. There is no effective clinical treatment for it . Over the past two decades, biological studies of NF-κB have improved the understanding of MIRI. Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB ) is a major transcription factor associated with cardiovascular health and disease. It is involved in the release of pro-inflammatory factors and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Recent studies have shown that inhibition of NF-κB plays a protective role in acute hypoxia and reperfusion injury . Here we review the molecular regulation of NF-κB in MIRI , better understanding of NF-κB signaling mechanisms related to inflammation and crosstalk with endogenous small molecules . We hope this review will aid in improving therapeutic approaches to clinical diagnosing . This review provides evidence for the role of NF-κB in MIRI and supports its use as a therapeutic target .

Waste medicinal plants are widely used in drug production. With the increasing demand for botanical drugs, there is an urgent need to identify new and effective drugs and improve the utilization of medicinal plant resources. Wuteng tablets (WTP) are extracted from the stem of Schisandra chinensis and have a good therapeutic effect on Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, a holistic identification strategy based on UHPLC–Q/TOF–MS was developed for the first time to investigate the metabolites and metabolic pathways involved in the in vitro metabolism and liver microsomal incubation and in the in vivo metabolic system of rats after WTP administration. After the oral administration of WTP, 21 metabolites were identified in the serum and 25 metabolites were identified in the urine, of which six were new metabolites; 33 metabolites were inferred from the microsomal metabolites in vitro. The metabolic pathways related to WTP mainly involve demethylation, hydroxylation, dehydroxylation and dehydrogenation. In this study, the metabolites and metabolic pathways of WTP were elucidated via UHPLC–Q/TOF–MS, which provided a basis for an in‐depth study of the pharmacodynamic and pharmacotoxicological effects of WTP.