The capacity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to survive and engraft in the target tissue may lead to promising therapeutic effects. However, the fact that the majority of MSCs die during the first few days following transplantation complicates cell therapy. Hence, it is necessary to strengthen the stem cells to withstand the rigors of the microenvironment to improve the efficacy of cell therapy. In this study, we manipulated MSCs to express a cytoprotective factor, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), to address this issue. Full-length cDNA of human HO-1 was isolated and cloned into TOPO vector by TOPO cloning reaction. Then, the construct was ligated to gateway adapted adenovirus expression vector by LR recombination reaction. Afterwards, the recombinant virus expressing HO-1 was produced in appropriate mammalian cell line and used to infect MSCs. The HO-1 engineered MSCs were exposed to hypoxic and oxidative stress conditions followed by evaluation of the cells' viability and apoptosis. Transient expression of HO-1 was detected within MSCs. It was observed that HO-1 expression could protect MSCs against cell death and the apoptosis triggered by hypoxic and oxidative stress conditions. The MSCs-HO-1 retained their ability to differentiate into adipogenic, chondrogenic, or osteogenic lineages. These findings could be applied as a strategy for prevention of graft cell death in MSCs-based cell therapy and is a good demonstration of how an understanding of cellular stress responses can be used for practical applications.