Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers around the world. Vaccines are a new hope for prevention of this cancer. In the case of prostate cancer, PSMA is considered as a target for vaccine development. Here, the initial data from the computational analysis of this specific antigen of the prostate membrane to find potential B-cell epitopes are described using a new bioinformatic tools. Based on the results, 673RHVIYAPSSHNKYAGE25 is the peptide with best binding affinity. These data may be useful for the effective vaccines development.
Background and Aim: SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of Coronavirus 2019 or COVID-19 in the world. Novel coronavirus disease is a respiratory disease. To date, there have been challenges in the treatment for COVID-19 and emerged new variants like UK B1.1.7. Accordingly, an effective prevention regime is needed for this infection, which covers most variants. The purpose of this research was to predict the conserved epitopes of Spike and Nucleocapsid proteins from SARS-CoV-2 for the design of a novel coronavirus 2019 multi-epitope vaccine using in silico tools.Materials and Methods: Computational analysis and immunoinformatics approaches include identification of potential conserve epitopes and selection of epitopes based on allergenicity, toxicity, antigenicity, and molecular docking were used for epitope prediction and screening. In the next step, selected segments of the epitopes were attached by the suitable linkers. Finally, Maltese-bound protein (MBP) as an adjuvant was added to the novel vaccine structure. The secondary and third structures of the designed multi-epitope vaccine were predicted via immunoinformatics algorithms. Predicted structure refined and validated for attaining best stability. In the end, immunoinformatics evaluation, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics were performed to confirm vaccine efficiency. Codon optimization and in silico cloning were done to ensure the expression yield of the novel multi-epitope vaccine in the target host.Results: This study showed that our data support the suggestion that the designed vaccine could induce immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Conclusion:The structure designed had acceptable quality with software reviews. Further in vitro and in vivo experiments are needed to confirm the safety and immunogenicity of the candidate vaccine.
Introduction:
This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant property of silymarin (SM) extracted from the seed of
Silybum marianum and its anticancer activity on KB and A549 cell lines following 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment.
Methods:
Ten grams of powdered S. marianum seeds were defatted using n-hexane for 6 hours and then extracted by methanol. The silymarin extracted of extraction components The extracted components of silymarin were measured by spectrophotometric assay and HPLC analysis. 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, phenol content, total flavonoid content, and total antioxidant capacity were measured to detect the antioxidant properties of SM. The anticancer activity of the SM on cell lines evaluated by MTT.
Results:
In HPLC analysis, more than 50% of the peaks were related to silibin A and B. SM was reducedDPPH (the stable
free radical) with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 6.56 μg/ ml in comparison with butylated hydroxyl toluene
(BHT), which indicated an IC50 of ~3.9 μg/ ml.The cytotoxicity effect of SM on the cell lines was studied by MTT assay.
The cytotoxicity effect of the extracted silymarin on KB and A549 cell lines was observed up to 80 and 70% at 156 and 78
µg/ml, respectively. The IC50 value of the extracted SM on KB and A549 cell lines after 24 hours of treatment was seen at
555 and 511 µg/ml, respectively.
Conclusion:
Due to the good antioxidant and anticancer properties of the isolated silymarin, its use as an anticancer drug is
suggested.
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