Purine, one of nucleotide, is an important substance for metabolism regulation of the body. Purine plays a key role not only in the composition of coenzymes but also in the supply of energy. Since purine was artificially synthesized, it has always been an important scaffold for respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and anti-tumor and anti-viral drugs. In addition to being widely used as competitive antagonists in the treatment of diseases, purines can be used in combination with other drugs and as precursors to benefit human life. Unfortunately, few new discoveries have been made in recent years. In this article, purine drugs on the market have been classified according to their different targets. In addition, their mechanism of action and structure-activity relationship have been also introduced. This paper provides details of the signaling pathways from when the purine drugs bind to the respective receptors on the surface of cells and the consequent reactions within the cell which finally affect the targeted diseases. The various receptors and biological reactions involved in the signaling for respective disease targets within the cells are discussed in detail.

According to the 2017 ILAE's official definition, epilepsy is a slow brain disease state characterized by recurrent episodes. Due to information released by ILAE in 2017, it can be divided into four types, including focal epilepsy, generalized epilepsy, combined generalized, and focal epilepsy, and unknown epilepsy. Since 1989, 24 new antiepileptic drugs have been approved to treat different types of epilepsy. Besides, there are a variety of antiepileptic medications under clinical monitoring. These novel antiepileptic drugs have plenty of advantages. Over the past 33 years, there have been many antiepileptic drugs on the mearket, but no one has been found that can completely cure epilepsy. In this paper, the mentioned drugs were classified according to their targets, and the essential information, and clinical studies of each drug were described. The structure-activity relationship of different chemical structures was summarized. This paper provides help for the follow-up research on epilepsy drugs.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant inheritable disease with severe disorders of lipid metabolism. It is mainly marked by increasing levels of plasma total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), xanthoma, corneal arch, and early-onset coronary heart disease (CHD). The prevalence of FH is high, and it is dangerous and clinically underdiagnosed. The clinical treatment for familial hypercholesterolemia includes both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment, of which non-pharmacological treatment mainly includes therapeutic lifestyle change and dietary therapy, LDL apheresis, liver transplantation and gene therapy. In recent years, many novel drugs have been developed to treat familial hypercholesterolemia more effectively. In addition, the continuous maturity of non-pharmacological treatment techniques has also brought more hope for the treatment of FH. This paper analyzes the pathogenic mechanism and the progress in clinical treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia. Furthermore, it also summarizes the mechanism and structure-activity relationship of FH therapeutic drugs that have been marketed. In a word, this article provides a reference value for the research and development of FH therapeutic drugs.