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<p>Ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) emissions from farmlands and livestock are attracting more and more attention. There is an urgent need for ground-based instruments that can acquire the spatial and temporal variability in NH<sub>3</sub> concentrations and emissions, particularly in field environments where power and shelter are not readily available. However, accurate measurements of atmospheric NH<sub>3</sub> is of great challenges due to its reactive nature. Conventional NH<sub>3</sub> instruments are subject to drawbacks, such as slow response time, limited precision, intensive maintenance, or high power consumption due to the use of the closed-path tube, optics, and vacuum pump.</p><p>We have developed an open-path instrument for fast (10 Hz) and sub-ppbv sensitivity measurements of atmospheric NH<sub>3</sub> concentration. The instrument is based on second-harmonic (2f) wavelength modulated laser absorption spectroscopy technique (WM-LAS), which employs a distributed-feedback semiconductor quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL) and a HgCdTe (MCT) photodetector. An open-path Herriott cell configuration with a 0.5 m physical path and 46 m optical path-length is used for selective and sensitive detection of the mid-infrared absorption transition of NH<sub>3</sub> at 9.06 μm [1]. There is no delay due to sample adsorption. The instrument has a precision (1σ noise level) of 0.53 ppbv and 0.15 ppbv at a sampling frequency of 10 Hz and 1 Hz, respectively. The entire NH<sub>3</sub> instrument has a weight of ~7 kg and dimensions of 84 cm (length) and 20 cm (diameter). It can be powered by rechargeable lithium batteries, with a total power consumption of as low as 50 W. The instrument has strong environmental adaptability and is suitable for field deployment in various environments. It can be used in ground-based or vehicle-based measurements of atmospheric NH<sub>3</sub> concentration.</p><p>With the good performance in terms of response time and precision, this instrument is an ideal tool for NH<sub>3</sub> flux measurements based on the eddy covariance (EC) technique [2]. An EC flux system was built based on the open-path ammonia instrument, which also included a CSAT3 sonic anemometer (Campbell Scientific®) and LI-7500 (LICOR®) for water vapor (H<sub>2</sub>O) and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) measurements. The system was installed at a rice paddy field with a typical Chinese-style rice-duck symbiosis system in Jiangsu province, China. Experiments showed that the lower detection limit of the EC system for NH<sub>3</sub> flux was around 17ng m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>.</p><p>References:</p><p>[1] Miller, D. J., Sun, K., Tao, L., and Zondlo, M. A.: Open-path, quantum cascade-laser-based sensor for high-resolution atmospheric ammonia measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 81–93,2014.<br>[2] McDermitt, D., Burba, G., Xu, L., Anderson, T., Komissarov, A., Riensche, B., Schedlbauer, J., Starr, G., Zona, D., Oechel, W., Oberbauer, S., and Hastings, S.: A new low-power, open-path instrument for measuring methane flux by eddy covariance, Appl.Phys. B, 102, 391–405, 2011.</p>