We address an interesting question raised by Dos Santos Ferreira, Kenig and Salo [11] about regions Rg ⊂ C for which there can be uniform L 2n n+2 → L 2n n−2 resolvent estimates for ∆g + ζ, ζ ∈ Rg, where ∆g is the Laplace-Beltrami operator with metric g on a given compact boundaryless Riemannian manifold of dimension n ≥ 3. This is related to earlier work of Kenig, Ruiz and the third author [19] for the Euclidean Laplacian, in which case the region is the entire complex plane minus any disc centered at the origin. Presently, we show that for the round metric on the sphere, S n , the resolvent estimates in [11], involving a much smaller region, are essentially optimal. We do this by establishing sharp bounds based on the distance from ζ to the spectrum of ∆ S n . In the other direction, we also show that the bounds in [11] can be sharpened logarithmically for manifolds with nonpositive curvature, and by powers in the case of the torus, T n = R n /Z n , with the flat metric. The latter improves earlier bounds of Shen [22]. The work of [11] and [22] was based on Hadamard parametrices for (∆g + ζ) −1 . Ours is based on the related Hadamard parametrices for cos t −∆g, and it follows ideas in [26] of proving L p -multiplier estimates using small-time wave equation parametrices and the spectral projection estimates from [25]. This approach allows us to adapt arguments in Bérard [3] and Hlawka [15] to obtain the aforementioned improvements over [11] and [22]. Further improvements for the torus are obtained using recent techniques of the first author [5] and his work with Guth [7] based on the multilinear estimates of Bennett, Carbery and Tao [2]. Our approach also allows us to give a natural necessary condition for favorable resolvent estimates that is based on a measurement of the density of the spectrum of −∆g, and, moreover, a necessary and sufficient condition based on natural improved spectral projection estimates for shrinking intervals, as opposed to those in [25] for unit-length intervals. We show that the resolvent estimates are sensitive to clustering within the spectrum, which is not surprising given Sommerfeld's original conjecture [32] about these operators.

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Generation of specific antibodies during an immune response to infection or vaccination depends on the ability to rapidly and accurately select clones of antibody-secreting B lymphocytes for expansion. Antigen-specific B cell clones undergo the cell fate decision to differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells, memory B cells, or germinal center B cells. The E26-transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factors Spi-B and Spi-C are important regulators of B cell development and function. Spi-B is expressed throughout B cell development and is downregulated upon plasma cell differentiation. Spi-C is highly related to Spi-B and has similar DNA-binding specificity. Heterozygosity for Spic rescues B cell development and B cell proliferation defects observed in Spi-B knockout mice. In this study, we show that heterozygosity for Spic rescued defective IgG1 secondary antibody responses in Spib −/− mice. Plasma cell differentiation was accelerated in Spib −/− B cells. Gene expression, ChIP-seq, and reporter gene analysis showed that Spi-B and Spi-C differentially regulated Bach2, encoding a key regulator of plasma cell and memory B cell differentiation. These results suggest that Spi-B and Spi-C oppose the function of one another to regulate B cell differentiation and function.