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Impacts of initial conditions on the characteristics of premixed moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion from a single jet burner in a laboratory-scale furnace are investigated through Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) modeling and experiments. Different initial conditions examined include the area of the nozzle (A), equivalence ratio (Φ), thermal input (P), and initial dilution of reactants (f). Very low emissions of NO x , CO, and H2 are measured for the MILD conditions when the furnace is operated under the premixed mode. The numerical results have shown that premixed MILD combustion can occur at the present furnace and burner system only when Re exceeds a critical value (Re c). When Re ≥ Re c, a stable MILD combustion can be established, irrespective of the variation of A, Φ, or f. The diagram of the stability limits for the premixed MILD combustion based on the furnace temperature and recirculation rate is also presented.

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Always cite the published version, so the author(s) will receive recognition through services that track citation counts, e.g. Scopus. If you need to cite the page number of the TSpace version (original manuscript or accepted manuscript) because you cannot access the published version, then cite the TSpace version in addition to the published version using the permanent URI (handle) found on the record page.Abstract. Research on industrial clusters has shifted in a paradigmatic way from an exploration of structural ideal-types toward evolutionary explanations. Thus far, however, networks -the key concept in the former paradigm -and evolution -the focus in the latter -remain somewhat unconnected in the literature. This article addresses this gap by developing a comprehensive tri-polar analytical framework of cluster evolution.This framework combines the three concepts of context, network and action, allowing each to evolve in interaction with the others. The empirical analysis applies this framework to the aluminium extrusion industry cluster in Dali, Guangdong province, which has developed over a period of 30 years. Our study finds that with the formation of a new generation of entrepreneurs, previous kinship-based learning networks have disappeared, causing significant changes to action and interaction within and between firms.