Aim At present, the relationship between serum homocysteine (Hcy), fibrinogen (FIB), lipoprotein-a (LPa), and PAD is uncertain, and there has been no meta-analysis to establish the dose–response relationship between their exposure levels and PAD. Methods and results Relevant literature published in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science was retrieved. The robust error meta-regression method was used to assess the linear and non-linear dose–response relationship between exposure level and PAD risk. A total of 68 articles, involving 565,209 participants, were included. Combined with continuous variables, the serum Hcy, FIB, and LPa levels of PAD patients were significantly higher than those of healthy individuals. The odds ratios (ORs) of PAD for individuals with high Hcy, FIB, and LPa levels compared with those with low levels were 1.47, 1.14, and 1.76, respectively. The study also showed that circulating Hcy, FIB, and LPa were significantly elevated in patients with PAD compared with controls. The level of Hcy and the risk of PAD presented a U-shaped distribution. The nonlinear dose–response model showed that each 1 μmol/L increase in serum Hcy increased the risk of PAD by 7%. Similarly, for each 10 mg/dL FIB and 10 mg/dL LPa increases, the risk of PAD increased by 3% and 6%, respectively. Conclusions This meta-analysis provided evidence that elevated Hcy, PIB, and LPa levels may increase the risk of PAD, and the risk of PAD increases with the increase in serum exposure within a certain range. By controlling Hcy level, the incidence of PAD may be reduced to control the PAD growing epidemic. Trial registration number: PROSPERO (CRD42021250501), https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/

Software-defined networking (SDN) emerges as the next generation of networking architecture, aiming to improve the network manageability and adaptability.However, because of the centralized control policy, SDN is liable to suffering from the denial of service attack in both the data plane and the control plane. To resist the attack and prevent the network from being paralyzed, we propose a novel mitigation scheme named flow migration defense, which uses a slave controller as a substitution to endure flooding requests mitigated from the master controller. Considering the special case that the normal requests may be regarded as the malicious ones, these requests are reforwarded back to the master controller on the basis of the round-robin scheduling. To prevent the master controller from being flooded by the reforwarded requests, we design the adaptive rate adjustment method to adjust the reforwarding rate. Compared with multilevel feedback queue and FloodDefender, simulations demonstrate that flow migration defense can mitigate the SDN-aimed denial of service attack efficiently with a better performance in terms of request response time, packet loss rate, and mitigation time. KEYWORDSattack mitigation, denial of service attack, OpenFlow, software-defined networking Int J Commun Syst. 2018;31:e3543.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/dac

We report a case of a 10-year-old male patient with pulmonary artery aneurysm (PAA) caused by infective endarteritis of the pulmonary artery attributed to patent ductus arteriosus. He was found to have patent ductus arteriosus at the age of 2, but he was not treated because of the absence of symptoms and normal physical development. He sought medical attention for fever and cough in August 2022. Echocardiography showed pulmonary artery aneurysm, intrapulmonary artery bulge, patent ductus arteriosus, and pericardial effusion. Contrast-enhanced CT showed pulmonary artery aneurysm, patent ductus arteriosus, and a slight compression of the left main bronchus. Surgery was performed to reconstruct the main pulmonary trunk and repair the ductus arteriosus in November 2022. The surgical outcomes were satisfactory.