Despite the fact that protein and peptide therapeutics are widely employed in the treatment of various diseases, their delivery is posing an unembellished challenge to the scientists. It was discovered that delivery of these therapeutic systems through oral route is easy with high patient compliance. However, proteolytic degradation and absorption through the mucosal epithelium are the barriers in this route. These issues can be minimized by the use of enzyme inhibitors, absorption enhancers, different carrier systems or either by direct modification. In the process of investigation, it was found that transdermal route is not posing any challenges of enzymatic degradation, but, still absorption is the limitation as the outer layer of skin acts as a barrier. To suppress the effect of the barrier and increase the rate of the absorption, various advanced technologies were developed, namely, microneedle technology, iontophoresis, electroporation, sonophoresis and biochemical enhancement. Indeed, even these molecules are targeted to the cells with the use of cell-penetrating peptides. In this review, delivery of the peptide and protein therapeutics using oral, transdermal and other routes is discussed in detail.

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BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes encode proteins that have important roles in DNA repair and act as tumor suppressors. Though the sequence and structure of the proteins produced by BRCA1 and BRCA2 are different, they have similar biological activities. Both BRCA gene products are reported to interact with the RAD51 protein, which is essential for DNA repair through homologous recombination. BRCA gene mutations are associated with an increased risk of solid tumors. Their ubiquitously expressed protein products are involved in essential cellular functions. The defect caused by BRCA gene mutations might be leveraged to develop new targeted cancer treatments. This chapter outlines that BRCA1 and BRCA2 have unique roles in the pathways leading to DNA double-strand break repair and clinical findings show that BRCA genes play a crucial role in a variety of biological processes.

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A one-pot facile synthesis of disubstituted oxazole has been achieved from vinyl azide and benzylamine. The coherent mixture of iodine and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) efficiently promoted the oxidative cascade cyclization...