Based on a two-component descriptor, a distance label for each point, it is shown that Euclidean distance maps can be generated by effective sequential algorithms. The map indicates, for each pixel in the objects (or the background) of the originally binary picture, the shortest distance to the nearest pixel in the background (or the objects). A map with negligible errors can be produced in two picture scans which has to include forward and backward movement for each line. Thus, for expanding/shrinking purposes it may compete very successfully with iterative parallel propagation in the binary picture itself. It is shown that skeletons can be produced by simple procedures and since these are based on Euclidean distances it is assumed that they are superior to skeletons based on d4-, ds-, and even octagonal metrics.

In a scanning laser microscope detecting fluorescent light from the specimen, the depth-discriminating property of confocal scanning has been used to carry out optical slicing of a thick specimen. The recorded digital images constitute a three-dimensional raster covering a volume of the specimen. The specimen has been visualized in stereo and rotation by making look-through projections of the digital data in different directions. The contrast of the pictures has been enhanced by generating the gradient volume. This permits display of the border surfaces between regions instead of the regions themselves.

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Background: Alcohol screening and intervention have been recommended as routine components of trauma care but are rarely performed. Hypothesis: An association exists between current screening and counseling practices and the trauma surgeon's knowledge, attitude, and perceived role and responsibility toward alcohol problems. Participants: Random-sample survey (n = 241) of members of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Main Outcome Measures: Reported screening and counseling practices. Results: Fifty-four percent of respondents screened 25% or fewer patients, while only 29% screened most patients. The most common reason for not screening was "lack of time." Most (76%) were not familiar with the most common clinically used screening questionnaires, and 83% reported no training in alcohol screening. Screen