Accurate individual tree segmentation is an important basis for the subsequent calculation and analysis of forestry parameters. However, rasterized canopy height model based methods often suffer from 3-D information loss due to the interpolation operation. Therefore, this article proposes an individual tree segmentation method based on the marker-controlled watershed algorithm and 3-D spatial distribution analysis from airborne Li-DAR point clouds. First, based on the potential tree apices derived from the local maxima filtering, the marker-controlled watershed segmentation algorithm is conducted to obtain the coarse point clusters. Then, within the principal component analysis defined local coordinate reference framework, a multidirectional 3-D spatial profile analysis is performed on each point cluster to refine the potential tree apex positions. Finally, the refined potential tree apex positions are used as a prior of K-means clustering to achieve the coarse-to-fine individual tree segmentation. Comparative experiments were conducted on the public NEWFOR dataset to evaluate the proposed method. Results indicate that the proposed method is efficient and robust for segmenting individual trees.

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