Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are the most common causes of chronic pain in the orofacial region. The aetiology of TMD is complex owing to its multifactorial biopsychosocial nature. TMD shares many commonalities, and can be associated with, other chronic pain conditions. The physical and psychological impact of chronic pain on the individual can be far-reaching and should not be underestimated. This article, the first of a six-part series, aims to provide the reader with a background to TMDs as well as an overview of the clinical examination and diagnostic process for patients presenting with TMD-related pain. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Clinicians should be aware of the signs and symptoms of TMD with which their patients might present and understand the complex nature of chronic pain conditions.

For optimal success, a multidisciplinary team approach that uses a combination of non-surgical treatment modalities is recommended in the care of TMD patients. In this article, the second in a series of six focusing on the diagnosis and management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), the importance of self-management, psychological interventions and physical therapies is discussed. Intra-oral appliances will be covered in a dedicated article later in this series. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Clinicians should have both an understanding and appreciation for the non-surgical management options available to patients diagnosed with TMD.