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Abstract-Implementation of real-time neural network inversion on the SRC-6e, a computer that uses multiple field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) as reconfigurable computing elements, is examined using a sonar application as a specific case study. A feedforward multilayer perceptron neural network is used to estimate the performance of the sonar system (Jung et al., 2001). A particle swarm algorithm uses the trained network to perform a search for the control parameters required to optimize the output performance of the sonar system in the presence of imposed environmental constraints (Fox et al., 2002). The particle swarm optimization (PSO) requires repetitive queries of the neural network. Alternatives for implementing neural networks and particle swarm algorithms in reconfigurable hardware are contrasted. The final implementation provides nearly two orders of magnitude of speed increase over a state-of-the-art personal computer (PC), providing a real-time solution.Index Terms-Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), inverse problems, neural network hardware, particle swarm theory, real-time systems, reconfigurable architectures, sonar.

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A sense of wonder is said to lie at the origin of the scientific inquiry. It also appears to have caused the author to write the present book. On the one hand, we are confronted with profound behavioral discrepancies between humans and apes, and yet geneticists tell us that humans and chimpanzees have more than 99 700 of their protein structure in common. This book attempts to solve this biological riddle. To that end, after identifying the main psychobehavioral continuities and discontinuities between humans and primates, hypotheses are presented as to the small evolutionary changes that may have resulted in the development of the vastly more complex behavior of man.In this area, where sterile discussions are rife and at times muddled, it is refreshing to read the short, one page long, introduction. As pointed out therein, "the debate about behavioral biology and ethology has often conducted in terms of oppositions," of unwarranted either-or dichotomies, resulting in what MARY MIDGLEY has termed "rival fatalisms," namely biological vs. cultural determinism.Chapter I gives an interesting historical perspective on the way man and animals have been compared, with comments that help to better understand the nature and the background of the controversies still alive between ethologists and psychologists. The following chapters deal successively with a number of behaviors (instrumental action, constructional use of objects, agonistic and affiliative behavior, conceptual thought and ability for self-recognition). Evidence from recent research in psychology and ethology is marshalled in order to trace phylogenetic progressive trends in the lineage leading to the human ethogram. At the same time, for each behavior, discontinuities are shown to arise and their nature is discussed. Noteworthy is the way the interaction between the developments in various behaviors is stressed."In Quest of Continuity," title of the last chapter, describes well the main emphasis of the book. That chapter makes an attempt at listing both continuity and discontinuity phenomena. These indicate both quantitative and qualitative behavioral changes in the transition from apes to hominids.

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