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We have produced an open source, freely available, algorithm (Open Parser for Systematic IUPAC Nomenclature, OPSIN) that interprets the majority of organic chemical nomenclature in a fast and precise manner. This has been achieved using an approach based on a regular grammar. This grammar is used to guide tokenization, a potentially difficult problem in chemical names. From the parsed chemical name, an XML parse tree is constructed that is operated on in a stepwise manner until the structure has been reconstructed from the name. Results from OPSIN on various computer generated name/structure pair sets are presented. These show exceptionally high precision (99.8%+) and, when using general organic chemical nomenclature, high recall (98.7-99.2%). This software can serve as the basis for future open source developments of chemical name interpretation.

The Orr–Sommerfeld operator's eigenvalues determine the stability of exponentially growing disturbances in parallel and quasi-parallel flows. This work assesses the sensitivity of these eigenvalues to modifications of the base flow, which need not be infinitesimally small. Such base flow variations may represent differences between the laboratory flow and its ideal, theoretical counterpart. The worst case, i.e. the change in base flow with the most destabilizing effect on the eigenvalues, is found using variational techniques for the plane Couette flow. Relatively small changes in the base flow are shown to be destabilizing, although the ideal flow is unconditionally stable according to linear theory. These observations inspire a velocity-based definition of pseudospectra in the hydrodynamic stability context.