This chapter is dedicated to the third phase of an LCA study, the Life U N C O R R E C T E D P R O O F 24Learning Objectives 25After studying this chapter, the reader should be able to: 26• Explain and discuss the process and main purposes of the LCIA phase of an 27LCA study. 28• Distinguish and explain the mandatory and optional steps according to inter-29 national standards for LCA. 30• Differentiate and describe each of the impact categories applied in LCIA 31 regarding: 32-the underlying environmental problem. 33-the environmental mechanism and its fundamental modelling principles. 34-the main anthropogenic sources causing the problem. 35-the main methods used in LCIA. and factors, and to accessibly explain (1) its main purpose and characteristics, 49(2) the mandatory and optional steps according to ISO and (3) the meaning and 50 handling of each impact category. While this chapter is a pedagogical and focused 51 introduction into the complex and broad aspects of LCIA, a more profound and

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The use of aligned exposure science terminology is crucial for ease of comparison and appropriate interpretation of exposure information, regulatory reports, and scientific publications. Sometimes the use of different terminology in different contexts and areas of exposure science results in diverging interpretations of the same descriptor. During the development of the European strategy for exposure science, the need was identified to agree on a defined terminology requiring an evaluation of the commonly used terms, synonymous uses, and their relationships between each other. This paper presents the first steps in compiling the most important exposure-related terms from existing guidance documents and publications for exposure and risk assessment and adapting them to be useful for different contexts and areas. This initial step is intended to trigger discussion on terminology among exposure scientists around the globe and across regulatory and methodological silos. The glossary itself is intended as a living document to be hosted by the International Society for Exposure Science.

Background A scientific framework on exposure science will boost the multiuse of exposure knowledge across EU chemicals-related policies and improve risk assessment, risk management and communication across EU safety, security and sustainability domains. Objective To stimulate public and private actors to align and strengthen the cross-policy adoption of exposure assessment data, methods and tools across EU legislation. Methods By mapping and analysing the EU regulatory landscape making use of exposure information, policy and research challenges and key areas of action are identified and translated into opportunities enhancing policy and scientific efficiency. Results Identified key areas of actions are to develop a common scientific exposure assessment framework, supported by baseline acceptance criteria and a shared knowledge base enhancing exchangeability and acceptability of exposure knowledge within and across EU chemicals-related policies. Furthermore, such framework will improve communication and management across EU chemical safety, security and sustainability policies comprising sourcing, manufacturing and global trade of goods and waste management. In support of building such a common framework and its effective use in policy and industry, exposure science innovation needs to be better embedded along the whole policymaking cycle, and be integrated into companies’ safety and sustainability management systems. This will help to systemically improve regulatory risk management practices. Significance This paper constitutes an important step towards the implementation of the EU Green Deal and its underlying policy strategies, such as the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability.