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since 1993 after 15 years of continuous research, training, and scientific counseling for German and international agencies including the World Health Organization. Research areas areas include risk-taking behaviors and health concepts of adolescents and youth; gender-specific risk taking and prevention; risk-taking competence in lifespan drug prevention; HIV/AIDS prevention and risk communication among youth and their parents; history, theory, and models of good practice of health promotion; social work and public health; and aging and health promotion. Primary drug prevention in Germany has been in a constant state of transition since the early 1970s. Five consecutive phases can be identified: (1) drug deterrence and repression; (2) drug education and drug information; (3) primary drug prevention through alternatives to risk-taking, and the strengthening of personal resources; (4) primary drug prevention through strengthening of personal and social resources, promotion of resistance and life skills; (5) primary drug prevention through strengthening of personal and social resources, promotion of resistance and life skills, the promotion of harm reduction and competence in risk-taking with youngpeople who may already consume legal or illegal drugs. During the last decade, the concept of health promotion, with its integration of individual, contextual and structural prevention has served as a guide. Beginning in the mid-1990s, secondary and tertiary prevention efforts have attracted growing interest. The integrative concept of "risk-taking competence," which introduces harm reduction approaches into primary prevention strategies, is favored in contemporary discussion and practice.

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