We examine the spatial and temporal variability of satellite-sensed sea surface chlorophyll off the west coast of North America from 1997 to 2010, with focus on coastal British Columbia. The variability in surface chlorophyll is complex. Whereas the spring bloom generates the highest phytoplankton concentration for coastal Alaska, the north and east coasts of Haida Gwaii, Queen Charlotte Sound, the Strait of Georgia, and coastal Oregon and California, it is the fall bloom that normally generates the highest concentration for the west coast of Vancouver Island, Juan de Fuca Strait, and the west coast of Washington. The highest satellite-sensed chlorophyll concentrations occur in the Strait of Georgia, where mean values are at least 2 times higher than elsewhere in the northeast Pacific. Moreover, the annual average surface chlorophyll concentration increased significantly in the Strait of Georgia during this period, with highest concentration observed during the near neutral ENSO conditions of the spring of 2007. The next highest concentrations occur off southwest Vancouver Island but have no statistically significant trend. The lowest average peak chlorophyll concentration is observed off Southern California. The timing of the highest chlorophyll concentration is latest off the coast of Washington and earliest off the coast of Southern California. Small increasing concentration trends are observed off the Washington and California coasts.

A new series of CB(1) ligands with high binding affinity (K(i) = 0.7-100 nM) and moderate lipophilicity (cLogD(7.4)) in the range of 2.1-4.5 has been synthesized. A structure-activity relationship study demonstrated that for the studied set of aminoalkylindoles, the molecular dipole of the ground state conformation within the series was inversely related to the affinity. The racemic ligand with highest affinity (0.7 nM), 3-(4-fluoronaphthoyl)-1-(N-methylpiperidin-2-ylmethyl)indole, was radiolabeled with (18)F. This radioligand specifically labeled CB(1) receptors in mouse brain and accumulated in regions of high versus low CB(1) receptor density in a ratio of 1.6. The displaceable radioactivity of one enantiomer in the brains of mice determined in a pretreatment study using the CB(1) antagonist N-(piperidinyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716) was nearly double that of the racemate for the same determination; therefore, the active enantiomer is a candidate for PET studies in animals. A pretreatement study for the other enantiomer found no displaceable radioactivity in the same group of mice; this result suggested the enantiomer was inactive.

The substitution pattern of the benzyl ring was varied in preparations of derivatives of N-benzyl-2-phenylpyridinium bromide (1-8). The salts showed monomeric behavior at NMR concentrations in D 2 O. The title compounds are discussed in the context of their propensity to intramolecularly stack aromatic substituents in water solvent and in the solid state. The series of derivatives, 1-8, populated similar stacked conformational space in solution. Neither perturbation in the quadrupole moment nor perturbation in donor/acceptor properties of the interacting aromatic rings had observable effects on the solution conformation of 1-8. The propensity of arene and perfluoroarenes to stack in a fact-to-face manner may have been the reason for the minor changes in conformation observed in the solid state. Derivatives 1-8 served as a unique tether for arene stacking, consisting of two trigonal and one tetrahedral center.

Summaryradiochemical yield (non-decay-corrected) with a specific activity of 14 500 mCi/mmol, a radiochemical purity of >99%, and a chemical purity of 95.5%.