Despite well-established research on the applications of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in the American culture, TPB has not been fully tested in the Kenyan culture. This study compared the applications of TPB in predicting smoking intentions (i.e., future and weekend smoking intentions) of Kenyan and American young adults. Data were collected from 252 Kenyans and 227 Americans. The Kenyan participants consisted of 41.7% females with a mean age of 25 years (SD = 4.81). The American participants (49.3% females) had an average age of 19 years (SD = 1.30). Multi-group path analysis was performed to test the equivalence of a TPB-based mediation model in Kenyans and Americans. Significant differences of TPB application were detected. In the American model, smoking consequence beliefs were indirectly associated with smoking intentions through attitudes whereas neither direct nor indirect effects of smoking consequence beliefs were detected in the Kenyan model. Instead, normative beliefs indirectly associated with future and weekend smoking intentions through attitudes and subjective norms in the Kenyan model. Despite some overlapping paths, there were cultural variations on specific associations among TPB constructs between Kenyans and Americans. Cultural adaptations may be needed when applying TPB in the Kenyan cultural context.

This research involved sedimentological and paleoecological research techniques, with application to the environmental history of Loboi Swamp (Kenya) in the context of water-resource management and wetland conservation. The analyses included non-destructive scanning of sediment cores (magnetic properties, water content, colour spectroscopy, digital photography), determination of bulk sediment composition (organic matter, carbonate, mineral sediments), grain-size analysis, and aquatic invertebrate remains. This was undertaken at Ghent University, department of Biology in the Limnology research unit.

Despite allocation of huge Constituency Development Fund (CDF) amounts to the education sector, many projects had stalled and others failed to kick off despite availability of funds. This study therefore sought to examine how risk mitigation affects the completion of CDF secondary school projects in Mwea Constituency. Specifically, the study sought to assess risk mitigation practices, determine project completion and establish the effect of risk mitigation on the completion of CDF secondary school projects in Mwea Constituency. The current study employed a descriptive survey design. This study targeted CDF public secondary school projects in Mwea Constituency, Kenya. Project management committee members were the respondents in the study. As of February, 2020, there are 48 CDF public secondary school projects in the constituency. The school's principal, a community member and 1 representative from the school board were purposively selected. In addition, the CDF fund manager and the 8 members of the CDF committee were selected. The study therefore had a sample size of 153 respondents. A questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents in the study. Descriptive statistics comprising frequencies, percentages were employed to analyze data. Correlation analysis was employed to find out the direction and magnitude between the independent variables and project completion. Statistical Package for Sciences (SPSS) Version 24 for Windows was used. The study found that the rate of project completion was quite low. Analysis of data showed that there was very poor risk mitigation. Results showed that there was a strong positive correlation (r=0.742, n=137, p=0.000) between risk mitigation and project completion. The study therefore concluded that risk mitigation has a strong positive and significant effect on the completion of CDF secondary school projects in Mwea Constituency. Therefore, CDF projects ought to have a risk management plan which includes controls in place.