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As the cost of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems decreases and incentives such as feed-in tariffs (FiTs) are offered, solar-PV homes are becoming popular. Furthermore, solar-PV homes integrated with hybrid or electric vehicles (EVs) are emerging as a paradigm for future homes. Given the fact that there exists a considerable price difference between grid electricity supply and FiTs, decision making of energy storage using batteries becomes an imperative topic. This research proposes an innovative and generic framework for the decision making of energy storage using batteries based on Smart Meter data, which incorporates the actual energy generation and consumption patterns of solar-PV homes. The proposed energy storage decision is based on a developed economic model, with the consideration of the electricity price from the grid, the FiTs, and the storage cost using batteries (i.e. the average price per kWh of battery capital cost and maintenance cost). Moreover, an intelligent algorithm is developed to calculate the electricity quantities, i.e. electricity supplied from the grid, fed into the grid and stored in a battery of a given capacity, based on the monitored data

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The "external structure" in an object oriented system refers here to the graphs of objects and classes. The class structure graph or class model is derived from the object structure graph or object model, and in this operation structural information is lost, or never made explicit. Although object oriented programming languages capture the class model as declarations, contradictory assumptions about object model properties may be made introducing faults into the design. Consistent assumptions about the object model can be specified in the code using assertions such as Eiffel's invariants, preconditions and postconditions. Three examples specifying the external structure are considered.