Honey is a rich conventional natural resource of sweetness and energy for human beings. A protocol for the determination of two important monosaccharide sugars (fructose and glucose) in honey was established in the current study by using normal phase partition liquid chromatography and 1-5% combined working standard of glucose, fructose and sucrose.

Cholinergic loss is the single most replicated neurotransmitter deficiency in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has led to the use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChE-Is) and unselective cholinesterase inhibitors (ChE-Is) as the mainstay of treatment. AChE-Is and ChE-Is, however, induce dose-limiting adverse effects. Recent studies indicate that selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors (BuChE-Is) elevate acetylcholine (ACh) in brain, augment long-term potentiation, and improve cognitive performance in rodents without the classic adverse actions of AChE-Is and ChE-Is. BuChE-Is thereby represent a new strategy to ameliorate AD, particularly since AChE activity is depleted in AD brain, in line with ACh levels, whereas BuChE activity is elevated. Our studies have focused on the design and development of cymserine analogues to induce selective time-dependent brain BuChE inhibition, and on the application of innovative and quantitative enzyme kinetic analyses to aid selection of drug candidates. The quantitative interaction of the novel inhibitor, dihydrobenzodioxepine cymserine (DHBDC), with human BuChE was characterized. DHBDC demonstrated potent concentration-dependent binding with BuChE. The IC50 and specific new kinetic constants, such as KT50, PPC, KT1/2 and RI, were determined at dual substrate concentrations of 0.10 and 0.60 mM butyrylthiocholine and reaction times, and are likely attainable in humans. Other classical kinetic parameters such as Kia, Kma, Vma and Vmi were also determined. In synopsis, DHBDC proved to be a highly potent competitive inhibitor of human BuChE in comparison to its structural analogue, cymserine, and represents an interesting drug candidate for AD.

An explosion in the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD), is predicted in coming decades. Hence, the need to devise and assess new treatment strategies has never been more acute. AD, although an irreversible and progressive disorder, is currently treated with palliative, symptomatic therapy: primarily with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors to amplify remaining cholinergic activity. New agents that, additionally, affect disease progression are sorely needed. Inhibition of brain butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) represents a new drug target for AD treatment. Therefore, hand-inhand with the development of selective ligands to inhibit BuChE in brain, it is fundamental to optimize assay conditions for kinetic studies of human BuChE. Kinetic analysis of serum BuChE, which is structurally similar to brain enzyme, was performed at dual substrate (butyrylthiocholine iodide) concentration ranges: 3-80 µM (low) and 25-800 µM (optimal) by use of the Ellman technique. Interaction of BuChE with a novel experimental AD therapeutic, bisnorcymserine (BNC; 0.06-2.0 nM) was also studied ex vivo. The IC50 and other key kinetic constants were determined for human serum BuChE inhibition by BNC, which proved to be a highly potent inhibitor in comparison to its structural analogue, cymserine. BNC may, additionally, lower the amyloid plaque-associated protein, amyloid-β peptide. In synopsis, the characterization of the kinetic parameters of BuChE and BNC, described herein, is both aiding in the design of novel agents and optimizing their translation toward clinical use.

Advanced analytical modern technology such as coupling a gas chromatography to a mass spectrometric technique provides sufficient information to the environmental and analytical chemists to identify the presence of a variety of components of the specific volatile organic product, determine the degree of the product weathering and in some instances estimate the age of the product as well in the testing sample. In this study, we estimated BTEX in groundwater sample by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after standardization of this technique for advancement towards purification check of water samples in the petro-polluted regions of the soil.