Electromyography-guided Botox injection into PFM could be beneficial for women with refractory HTPFD who have failed conservative therapy.

Randomized, placebo-controlled studies are needed to demonstrate which therapies may indeed control IC symptoms and help send research in new and productive directions.

Objective: Many public access defibrillators (PAD) incorporate computer programs to provide audiovisual feedback to assist the user to deliver cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) according to current international guidelines. This usability study assessed if a PAD integrated with a real-time audiovisual CPR feedback system can guide lay-users to optimum chest compression rates, and if it is detrimental to chest compression depth. Methods: Randomly selected volunteers (15+ years) were recruited for two experiments. Experiment 1 (n=156) assessed the time taken to achieve the "Good speed" audio prompt (i.e. perform compressions at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute) and chest compression fraction (CCF). Experiment 2 (n=140) assessed the effect of rate-only CPR feedback on chest compression depth. Two devices of the same model were used, one with CPR rate feedback, and the other with CPR feedback disabled. The difference in compression depths and CCF were assessed. Results: Experiment 1: A total of 136 (87.2%) participants achieved "Good speed" within 45 seconds with a mean CCF of 90.3% recorded. Experiment 2: The device with feedback lead to a mean (SE) depth of 24.61mm (0.99) compared to 20.08mm (0.96) for the feedback disabled device. ANCOVA analysis provided a mean significant difference (Standard Error; SE) of 4.52mm (1.38mm; p-value=0.001) favouring the device with CPR rate feedback. Conclusions: CPR rate-only feedback was not detrimental to chest compression depth and suggests rate-only feedback may improve compression depth. Significance: The incorporation of clear, intuitive, audiovisual CPR feedback systems can assist lay-users to optimise compression rates and maintain a high CCF.

Concomitant total hysterectomy is an independent risk factor for mesh exposure after mesh-augmented anterior repair, whereas BMI may negatively correlate with exposure rates.