Acute pulmonary edema and encephalomyelitis occurs with EV71 infection in infants. Long-term neurologic outcome varied from minor, focal weakness to profound, global motor dysfunction with respiratory failure.

During the Australian summer of 2000/2001, there was an outbreak of enterovirus 71 infection in Sydney. Between December 2000 and May 2001, approximately 200 children presented to Sydney Children's Hospital with hand-foot-and-mouth disease and 18 experienced neurologic complications. Four presented with acute invasive central nervous system disease and severe pulmonary edema. We describe the cardiorespiratory disturbances and intensive care management of these four consecutive children successfully treated for neurogenic pulmonary edema attributed to proven enterovirus 71 infection. All four survived the acute stage of the illness. However, all four have been left with significant debilitating morbidity. Epidemic enterovirus 71 brainstem encephalitis presenting as neurogenic pulmonary edema can be successfully managed in the pediatric intensive care unit but has great potential to yield a large number of handicapped toddlers and become "the poliomyelitis of the 21st century."