The "journey to crime," or the study of the distance between an offender's residence and offense site, has been a subject of study within criminology f o r many years. Implications arising from such research touches the majority of criminological theories. An overriding conclusion from this line of research is that most crimes occur in relatively close proximity to the home of the offender. Termed the distance-decay function, a plot of the number of crimes that an offender commits decreases with increasing distance from the offender's residence. In a recent paper, Van Koppen and D e Keijser raise the concern that inferring individual distance decay from aggregate-level data may be inap- propriate. They assert that previous research reporting aggregated distance-decay functions conceals individual variations in the ranges of operation, which leads them to conclude that the distance-decay function is an artifact. W e d o not question the claim that researchers should not make inferences about individual behavior with data collected at the aggregate level. However, Van Koppen and De Keijser's analysis raises four important issues concerning (1) the interpretation of the ecological fallacy, (2) the assumption of linearity in offender movements,(3) the interpretation of geographic work on profiling, and (4) the assumption of random target selection within a delimited range of operation. Using both simulated and nonsimulated data, we present evidence that reaches vastly different conclusions from those reached by Van Koppen and D e Keijser. The theoretical implications of our analyses and possibilities for future research are addressed.

. (2010) 'Evaluating the bene ts of an electrical energy storage system in a future smart grid.', Energy policy., 38 (11). pp. 7180-7188. Further information on publisher's website:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.07.045Publisher's copyright statement: NOTICE: this is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Energy policy. Additional information:Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. AbstractInterest in electrical energy storage systems is increasing as the opportunities for their application become more compelling in an industry with a back-drop of ageing assets, increasing distributed generation and a desire to transform networks into Smart Grids. A field trial of an energy storage system designed and built by ABB is taking place on a section of 11kV distribution network operated by EDF Energy Networks in Great Britain. This paper reports on the findings from simulation software developed at Durham University that evaluates the benefits brought by operating an energy storage system in response to multiple events on multiple networks. The tool manages the allocation of a finite energy resource to achieve the most beneficial shared operation across two adjacent areas of distribution network. Simulations account for the key energy storage system parameters of capacity and power rating. Results for events requiring voltage control and power flow management show how the choice of operating strategy influences the benefits achieved. The wider implications of these results are discussed to provide an assessment of the role of electrical energy storage systems in future Smart Grids.

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1. This study examined the influence of brisk walking on skeletal status in post-menopausal women. 2. Subjects were 84 healthy women aged 60-70 years. Who were previously sedentary and at least 5 years post-menopausal. Subjects were randomly assigned to walking (n = 43) and control (n = 41) groups. Walkers followed a 12-month, largely unsupervised programme of brisk walking. The bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, femoral neck and calcaneus and broadband ultrasonic attention of the calcaneus were measured at baseline and after 12 months. 3. Forty control subjects and 38 walkers completed the study. Walkers built up to 20.4 +/- 3.8 min/day (mean +/- SD) of brisk walking. Body mass increased in control subjects relative to walkers [mean change (SE) +0.9 (0.3) and -0.1 (0.3) kg respectively; P = 0.04]. Predicted maximum oxygen uptake increased in walkers by 2.1 (0.9) ml min-1 kg-1 (P = 0.02). Bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and calcaneus fell in control subjects [-0.005 (0.004) and -0.010 (0.004) g/cm2, respectively] but not in walkers [+0.006 (0.004) and +0.001 (0.004) g/cm2]. The difference in response between groups was significant in the calcaneus (P = 0.04) but not in the lumbar spine (P = 0.08). Mean femoral neck bone mineral density did not change significantly in either group, although changes in walkers were related to the amount of walking completed (r = 0.51, P = 0.001). The change in broadband ultrasonic attenuation of the calcaneus differed between groups [control subjects, -3.7 (0.8); walkers, -0.7 (0.8) dB/MHz; P = 0.01]. 4. Walking decreased bone loss in the calcaneus and possibly in the lumbar spine. It also improved functional capacity and enabled walkers to avoid the increase in body mass seen in control subjects.