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Abstract. This work presents the results from dynamic penetration experiments in which long rod projectiles were launched into Ottawa sand at velocities ranging from 90 m/s to 350 m/s. A unique aspect of these experiments was that the sand targets were visually accessible, which allowed for the penetration event recorded using high-speed digital photography. The images were processed using two different correlation methods. In addition, stress measurements of the transmitted waveforms were simultaneously collected from a piezoelectric load cell that was buried in the sand at various locations relative to the shot line. The results indicate that impact results in two waves: one similar to a detached bow shock and one near the projectile that forms force chains. Grains are damaged and broken by the force chains which allows the projectile to penetrate the target.

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The goal of this work was to develop a technique for making transverse surface velocity measures utilizing Photon Doppler Velocimetry (PDV). Such a task is achieved by transmitting light and collecting Doppler-shifted light at an angle relative to the normal axis, where measured velocities are representative of a component of the transverse velocity. Because surface characteristics have an intrinsic effect on light scatter, different surface preparations were explored to direct reflectivity, including diffusion by means of sandpapering, or increasing retroreflectivity by coating with microspheres, milling v-cuts, and electrochemically etching grooves. Testing of these surface preparations was performed using an experiment featuring a 30 mm diameter aluminum disk rotating at 6000 or 6600 RPM. A single PDV collimator was positioned along the rotational axis of the disk at various angles, resolving the apparent transverse velocity. To characterize surface preparations, light return and velocities were recorded as a function of probe angle ranging from 0° to 51° from the surface normal for each preparation. Polished and electrochemically etched surfaces did not provide enough reflected light to resolve a beat frequency; however, sandpapered surfaces, retroreflective microspheres, and milled v-cuts provided adequate reflected light for incidence angles up to 51°. Applications of the surface preparations were then studied in gas gun experiments. Retroreflective microspheres were studied in a planar impact experiment, and milled v-cuts were studied in an oblique impact experiment. A normal and transverse profile of particle velocity was resolved in the oblique impact experiment.

This paper deals with an evaluation of the performances of hybrid power modules using AvSiC Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) baseplates. In this study, we analyse the possible damage in the assemblies by measuring their thermal resistance. Results show that even after 2700 thermal shocks, only a very small increase of the thermal resistance of the assemblies is observed In comparison, modules with copper baseplates show a strong increase of the thermal resistance and fail well before. As a consequence, in applications where thermal cycling is involved, hybrid power modules with AVSiC MMC baseplates will offer a much better reliability. SEM observations conducted on cross-sectioned samples do not show the typical cracks generally observed in solder joints between the Direct Bonded Copper (DBC) ceramic substrate and the copper baseplate of aged modules.