When electron currents flow in thermal SiO2 films which have been exposed to water, a buildup of negative charge occurs in the oxide. This paper describes a series of experiments designed to characterize this charging effect. It is found that if water is diffused into a SiO2 film, water related centers are formed which act like electron traps with capture cross section of approximately 1.5 × 10−17 cm2. Experiments are described which show that when one of these centers captures an electron, atomic hydrogen is released which diffuses away and escapes or reacts and a stable negative charge is left behind. Electrochemical charging effects of this type have not previously been considered, although they may play a very important role in some semiconductor device failure effects.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tigilanol tiglate (TT) for local intratumoral treatment of mast cell tumors (MCTs) in dogs. Methods A randomized controlled clinical study in 2 phases involving 123 dogs with cytologically diagnosed MCT. Phase 1 compared 81 TT‐treated dogs with 42 control dogs; phase 2 allowed TT treatment of control dogs and retreatment of dogs that failed to achieve tumor resolution after TT treatment in phase 1. Tigilanol tiglate (1 mg/mL) was injected intratumorally with dose based on tumor volume. Concomitant medications were used to minimize potential for MCT degranulation. Modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors were used to evaluate treatment response at 28 and 84 days. Adverse events and quality of life were also assessed. Results A single TT treatment resulted in 75% complete response (CR) (95% confidence interval [CI] = 61‐86) by 28 days, with no recurrence in 93% (95% CI = 82‐97) of dogs by 84 days. Eight TT‐treated dogs that did not achieve CR in phase 1 achieved CR after retreatment, increasing the overall CR to 88% (95% CI = 77‐93). Control dogs had 5% CR (95% CI = 1‐17) at 28 days. Wound formation after tumor slough and wound size relative to tumor volume were strongly associated with efficacy. Adverse events typically were low grade, transient, and directly associated with TT's mode of action. Conclusions Tigilanol tiglate is efficacious and well tolerated, providing a new option for the local treatment of MCTs in dogs.

Dense oxide films have been formed anodically on p-and n-type singlecrystal Si in connection with the electrical properties of Si surfaces. Concentrated HNO~ or H~PO~ permit forming, but the highest voltage obtainable is less than 200 v. A solution of KNO~ in N-methylacetamide permits forming to 560 v, and is also preferable in other respects.The field during forming is of the order 2.6 • 10 ~ v/cm corresponding to a thickness increment of about 3.8A/v. The ratio has been found as well from interference colors and direct weighing, as by capacitance measurements. Above an oxide thickness of 400A the rate-limiting step for film growth is inside the oxide.The ionic current efficiency of film growth is very low. In methylacetamide it can be increased by addition, for example, of chloride ions or more so by fluoride ions. The oxide is an electrolytic rectifier and behaves similar to an oxide on A1 or Ta. The direction of easy flow for electrons is from the Si to the electrolyte.

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