This study evaluates resources allocated for risk management by business organisations (financial and non-financial firms) in developing countries, using Zambia as a case study. Primary data collected from 158 organisations were analysed using MegaStat. The findings revealed that the majority (54.5%) of organisations, especially non-financial institutions, only commit resources to risk mitigation on an Adhoc or post-event basis, while 45.5% showed a budgeted approach. A significant part of the budgeted 45.5% was used for risk management activities, and 54.5% was used for regular daily operations. Despite this variation, all organisations engaged reported a significant expenditure on risk management, at least on Adhoc. At 4 degrees of freedom (df), which was one less than the total number of possible outcomes, a non-parametric test for significance yielded a scientific P-value of 1.57e-0.7, (a numerical magnitude of 0.0014, P< 0.05). This suggests that the correlation and pattern of the findings were not random or by chance, but they carried a statistical significance. The study's main findings demonstrate that some business organisations in Zambia and other developing countries incur significant expenditure with a higher portion of their budgets to respond to risk management needs. Business organisations which do not have formal risk structures do so informally due to pressure from emerging business risks. The findings also indicated that financial institutions in developing countries allocate more resources towards risk management than non-financial institutions. The Phi coefficient (degree of association) was 0.486, showing a moderately significant relationship between the variables (risk management and resource allocation). Business organisations in Zambia and other developing nations must develop sound risk mitigation plans and allocate resources for risk management.

Climate change affects individuals and business organisations. This study examines individuals and organisations' levels of awareness of the effects of climate change and their responses to climatic changes. It also establishes awareness of the predominant effects of climate change risks in Africa and Eastern Asia. This study was descriptive research using surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. Using a purposive sampling method, one hundred five (105) participants were selected from more than 25 countries from Africa, Asia and other emerging countries for the study. The results indicate that, on average, many people are aware of the effects and gravity of climate change. A non-parametric test of the significance of climate change's impact on financial performance yielded a hypothetical mean above the threshold of 3, a P value of less than 0.05 at a 104 df. The results indicate that climate change adversely affects individuals, organisations and communities. The findings show that communities are relatively aware of the impacts of climate change and can quantify the losses in financial terms, at least as an estimate. It indicates that the level of awareness of individuals and organisations is satisfactory. The findings on vulnerability and exposure indicated that people are aware of climate change and its effects on individuals, organisations and communities. The results reveal that it is easy to manage climate change risks using techniques developed by local and international authorities. Governments, especially in Africa, must respond fervently to demands for climate change mitigations.

Commercial banks accept deposits and lend money for investment and consumption. This study used five (5) first-tier banks in Nigeria as a case study to analyze the effects of credit risk management on the financial performance of commercial banks. The study examined fifteen (15) years' worth of panel data (from 2005 to 2019), taken from the audited financial reports of five first-tier listed banks. Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) are the only banks used, and they are all listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Non-performing loans (NPL) and expected credit loss impairment provisions (ECL) were utilized in this study as indicators of credit risk management. At the same time, return on assets (ROA) was employed to measure financial performance.