Anthropometry is an effective and frequently performed child health and nutrition screening procedure. The value of physical growth data depends on their accuracy and reliability, how they are recorded and interpreted, and what follow-up efforts are made after identification of growth abnormality. The new National Center for Health Statistics percentiles can be used to improve identification of potential health and nutritional problems and to facilitate the epidemological comparison of one group of children with others.

Some twenty years ago Robert Eccles argued for the theoretical existence of the quasifirm, a semi-integrated form of production in the construction industry, following a field study of home building firms in the USA. The study was aimed at substantiating some aspects of Williamson's transaction cost theory. The present work has similar intents, and illustrates the results of two recent field studies of homebuilders and commercial contractors, and the specific features of their subcontracting practice. Given the difficulty of an effective measurement of transaction costs in construction, Williamson's concept of atmosphere is suggested to explain the different approaches observed in subcontracting.Quasifirm Transaction Costs Subcontracting Construction Market Homebuilders General Contractors,

Cycles II and III of the Health Examination Survey included measurements of the skinfolds of over 14,000 individuals 6 through 17 years of age, statistically weighted to provide an accurate national probability sample. Analyses of the triceps and subscapular skinfolds of Negroes and whites are reported here, utilizing the median in preference to the mean. Females of either racial group have thicker skinfolds at all ages studied. Whites have greater median triceps thicknesses than Negroes of the same sex and age, but there are no differences between the two racial groups in the subscapular. Since, between all but one pair of adjacent ages in males, from 12 years on, the median triceps fold decreases, but the estimated cross‐sectional are of fat increases, it is strongly recommended that reductions in triceps thickness not be automatically interpreted as meaning a loss of subcutaneous fat. Since greater skewness is found in the subscapular distributions in whites, but not in the triceps, it is suggested that racial differences in triceps thickness at these ages occurs from the operation of hereditary factors, while differences in the subscapular skinfold arise from environmental causes.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to critique common practice in leadership development with a view to suggesting an alternative approach based on neuroscience.Design/methodology/approachThe paper references existing research in the field of neuroscience to carry out a critique, before presenting a case study of a different approach to leadership development.FindingsCurrent leadership development practice relies heavily on the use of models and theories, and the development of self‐awareness. The paper uses findings from neuroscience to question whether these approaches produce sustainable changes. These findings suggest that models and theories do not impact the regions of the brain required for behavioral change. They also suggest that self‐awareness, while an essential starting point, may not be enough. The paper goes on to explore approaches involving the body in learning motor skills as a way of developing leadership, and moving from self‐awareness to self‐cultivation.Practical implicationsThis paper suggests that some of the approaches to leadership development will need to change if the results intended are to be achieved.Originality/valueThe emerging field of neuroscience has the potential to increase understanding of leadership development. However, the challenge is that much of the writing on neuroscience is not accessible to those outside the field. This is starting to change, and this article seeks to make some important findings from neuroscience available for practitioners, to improve the efficacy of leadership development approaches. The approaches to leadership critiqued here are commonplace and the embodied leadership development suggested is not mainstream. This offers some new options for leadership developers interested in developing sustainable change.