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Interest in the power potential of tidal streams is growing worldwide. While the latest assessment for Canadian coastlines estimates a resource of approximately 42 GW, these results are based on the average kinetic energy flux through the channel. It has been shown, however, that this method cannot be used to obtain the maximum extractable power for electricity generation. This work presents an updated theory for the extractable power from a tidal stream in a channel linking a bay to the open ocean. The maximum average extractable power from a channel linking a bay to the open ocean may be estimated, within approximately 15 per cent, as 0.22ρ gaQ0, where a is the amplitude of the dominant tidal constituent in the open ocean and Q0 is the maximum volumetric flowrate in the undisturbed state.

The impact of uncontrolled charging of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) on distribution networks is investigated using a probabilistic approach based on Monte Carlo simulations. A model simulating daily residential and commercial electrical demand estimates the existing demand on the networks. A PEV operator model simulates the actions of drivers throughout a typical day to estimate the demand for vehicle charging. Three networks are studied that are typical of suburban, urban and rural networks, respectively. The analysis is focused on peak demand increases, secondary transformer overloading and voltage drops in the networks. PEV charging significantly increases the peak demand on all networks causing larger voltage drops and increasing the probability of transformer overloading.Index Terms -distribution network, Monte Carlo simulations, plug-in electric vehicles, probabilistic load flow.

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