Abbreviations: 3-MA, 3-methyladenine; Atg7-DC CKO, Atg7 DC conditional knockout; BafA, bafilomycin A 1 ; CD, cluster of differentiation; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; DC, dendritic cell; DALIS, dendritic cell aggresome-like inducible structures; green fluorescent protein, GFP; IFC imaging flow cytometry; LAP, LC3 associated phagocytosis; LC3B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 b; MHC II, major histocompatibility complex class II; MHC I, major histocompatibility complex class I; OVA, ovalbumin; OT-I, OVA-specific CD8 C T cell; OT-II, OVA-specific CD4 C T cell; SIM, structured illumination microscopy.Antigen-presenting cells survey their environment and present captured antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Formation of MHC-antigen complexes occurs in specialized compartments where multiple protein trafficking routes, still incompletely understood, converge. Autophagy is a route that enables the presentation of cytosolic antigen by MHC class II molecules. Some reports also implicate autophagy in the presentation of extracellular, endocytosed antigen by MHC class I molecules, a pathway termed "cross-presentation." The role of autophagy in cross-presentation is controversial. This may be due to studies using different types of antigen presenting cells for which the use of autophagy is not well defined. Here we report that active use of autophagy is evident only in DC subtypes specialized in cross-presentation. However, the contribution of autophagy to cross-presentation varied depending on the form of antigen: it was negligible in the case of cell-associated antigen or antigen delivered via receptor-mediated endocytosis, but more prominent when the antigen was a soluble protein. These findings highlight the differential use of autophagy and its machinery by primary cells equipped with specific immune function, and prompt careful reassessment of the participation of this endocytic pathway in antigen cross-presentation.

This paper describes the effect of different electrical parameters on the type and content of non-metallic-inclusions in the ESR material X38CrMoV5-1. For these investigations, six ingots were remelted with two DC polarities (cathodic and anodic) and with low frequency (1 Hz) AC power supplies under otherwise comparable remelting conditions, in an open laboratory ESR plant. The investigations included automated SEM-analysis combined with EDX. The results show that the cleaning effect of both DC polarities is lower than the one with a low frequency AC power supply, whereas the cathodic DC polarity results in better cleanliness levels than the anodic one. In addition, the oxygen content of the ingots shows a strong increase when remelting with anodic DC polarity. A strong relation between the electric parameters and the types and sizes of inclusion of the ESR ingots could be found. The most pronounced differences occur with the oxide-type inclusions. Thereby, the amount of the originally dominating (Al,Mg)-spinel-type-oxides is further increased when remelting under DCÀ and AC conditions, but were rather eliminated in favor of Al 2 O 3 -type inclusions when DCþ polarity is used. All oxysulfides, except Al-oxysulfides, were strongly decreased or eliminated. Furthermore, a significant reduction of sulfides, especially CaS took place under all electrical parameters.

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Ausgehend von einem Überblick über Zusammenfassung: die möglichen Arten der Stromversorgung von ESU-Anlagen beschreibt diese Arbeit den Aufbau einer Versuchs-ESU-Anlage an der FH-OÖ in Wels. Dazu wurden eine komplett neue Gleichstrom-bzw. Niederfrequenz-Stromversorgung sowie eine Steuerung konzipiert und zusammen mit einem renommierten Anlagenbauer (Munk) realisiert. Die vorhandenen Komponenten der Versuchsanlage wurden modernisiert und teilweise den neuen Anforderungen entsprechend umgebaut. Erste Versuche und Parametertests an der Anlage ergaben ein äußerst stabiles und leicht zu beherrschendes Betriebsverhalten, insbesondere in der Startphase. Variation der Spannung, des Stromes sowie in der Polarität des Stromes (Gleichstrom beider Polaritäten, niederfrequenter Wechselstrom bis zu 2 Hz) wurden erfolgreich getestet und ergaben überwiegend vergleichbare Zusammenhänge mit der Schmelzrate und dem Stromverbrauch, wie sie der Literatur zu entnehmen sind. Die Anlage steht somit für metallurgische Entwicklungen beim ElektroSchlacke-Umschmelzen voll zur Verfügung. Korrespondenzautor: FH-Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Reinhold Schneider, FH-OÖ,