The significance of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) and sugar feeding for the production of plants in vitro is only poorly understood. Nicotiana tabacum L. plantlets were grown photoautotrophically and photomixotrophically (3% sucrose) at two different PPFs (60 µmol m−2 s−1 and 200 µmol m−2 s−1) to investigate the effect of these culture parameters on photosynthetic performance and growth. Photomixotrophically‐grown plantlets showed an increase in carbohydrate content, mainly in glucose and fructose. Plant growth, dry matter accumulation and total leaf area were higher under photomixotrophic than photoautotrophic conditions. Not only biomass formation but also photosynthesis was positively affected by exogenous sucrose; the chlorophyll (Chl) content and the light‐saturated rate of photosynthetic oxygen evolution were higher in photomixotrophic plantlets. Photoinhibition occurred in plantlets that were grown photoautotrophically at the higher PPF. It became apparent as a loss in Chl content and photochemical efficiency. Photoinhibited plantlets showed a decrease in the D2/LHCII and CP47/LHCII ratios, suggesting a preferential loss of proteins from the photosystem II (PSII) core. The increased content of xanthophyll cycle pigments in photoinhibited plantlets indicated that also protective mechanisms were activated. Photomixotrophic growth of the plantlets prevented the occurrence of photoinhibitory symptoms. Therefore, we conclude that culture on sugar medium increases not only the photosynthetic potential but also the high light resistance of plantlets grown in vitro.

To date, numerous automatic building detection methods using lidar data have been developed. However, in most cases the parameters used for the evaluation of the results are not specified, accuracy assessment results cannot be readily compared or no result evaluation is performed at all. In this study, accuracy assessment aspects have been analysed in order to find a generally applicable approach for the comparison of building outline extraction methods. An area‐based evaluation of accuracy has been selected as the most suitable due to its robustness, predictability and comparability between datasets. This assessment can be further supplemented with both object‐ and area‐based evaluations, procured solely with those buildings that were classified as true positives, in order to interpret the extraction results in more detail. In cases where a reference dataset of superior quality (such as low‐altitude aerial imagery) is available, an absolute accuracy evaluation is also relevant.

International audienceSpace concept of the surrounding area is one of the most important preconditions of the independent mobility and orientation of the blind people. Tactile maps are considered to be the most appropriate source of spatial information. One of the main problems of the tactile maps usage is their problematic accessibility for the blind users since they are not available in time and with up-to-date content. The map production is a matter of tedious manual work and a result of expensive and time-consuming technical methods.After several years of joint effort of the support centers at Czech Technical University in Prague and Masaryk University in Brno, and in cooperation with Seznam.cz company (an operator of the Mapy.cz map portal), the blind people have opportunity to use free available tactile maps of the entire Czech Republic (see http://hapticke.mapy.cz with the highest possible zoom). Using the Mapnik toolkit, source vector map data are automatically converted to special maps, which can be downloaded and printed on a microcapsule paper so they become readable by touch. The whole country is displayed on map sheets in a single scale (approximately 1:1500, which corresponds to the area of 300 × 425 meters per sheet), with a single map key and with an integrated system of the description. Street names are abbreviated and displayed in the Braille code. Technology of the microcapsule (swell) paper was selected as the most accessible technology for tactile graphics in Czech Republic (at schools and support centers for the visually impaired).Our method opens new perspectives of tactile maps usage because detailed tactile maps of a selected territory are available in a few minutes and they are updated in the same mode and from the same source data as all other web maps at the portal. Even web maps may now be "blind friendly"

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