Gene therapy as a form of molecular medicine is expected to have a major impact on medical treatments in the future. However, the clinical use of gene therapy today is hampered by inadequate gene delivering systems to ensure sufficient, accurate and safe DNA uptake in the target cells in vivo. Nonviral transfection methods might have the advantage of safe application, but it would be helpful to increase their transfection rates, especially in vivo. In this study, we show that focused ultrasound provides an enhanced transfer of DNA plasmids in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the -galactosidase and luciferase DNA reporter plasmid were transfected into four cell lines (NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, malignant melanoma Mewo, HeLa, Dunning prostate tumor R3327-AT1). Ultrasound induced a 55-(Mewo) to 220-fold (AT1) stimulation resulting in transfection efficiencies in vitro
BOB.1/OBF.1 is a transcriptional coactivator that is constitutively expressed in B cells and interacts with the Oct1 and Oct2 transcription factors. Upon activation of Jurkat T cells and primary murine thymocytes with phorbol esters and ionomycin, BOB.1/OBF.1 expression and transactivation function were induced. BOB.1/OBF.1 was phosphorylated at Ser184 both in vivo and in vitro, and this modification was required for inducible activation. Mutation of Ser184 also diminished transactivation function in B cells, suggesting that the activating phosphorylation that is inducible in T cells is constitutively present in B cells. Thus, BOB.1/OBF.1 is a transcriptional coactivator that is critically regulated by posttranslational modifications to mediate cell type-specific gene expression.
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