The influence of reactive dyes with massive chromogene and nanosilver on ultraviolet protective factor (UPF) values of lightweight cotton fabrics was investigated. The effect of nanosilver on the color of cotton fabrics and on antibacterial effectiveness was also determined. AATCC Test method 183-1998 was used for the calculation of the UPF of lightweight cotton fabric. The antibacterial activity was determined according to ASTM Designation E 2149-01. The research shows an increase in the UPF values of lightweight cotton fabrics when they are pale red or pale navy dyed with nanosilver. Cotton fabrics treated with 80 nm nanosilver showed inhibition of the growth of Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Changes of color are observed on dyed cotton fabrics treated with nanosilver.

Polyamide is the third largest textile fiber consumed in the world, after polyester and cotton, with a consumption of about 5 million tons p.a. [1]. Polyamide knitted goods are used in underwear, sports and swimwear, stockings and tights, bed linen, car upholstery, lace, nets, tulle, etc. Conventional textured and non-textured polyamide filament and staple fiber yarns can be blended with elastane and cotton fibers for these uses as well.Also, polyamide is now offered in microfine deniers, which perform as breathable, lightwear materials. Microfine knitted goods trap a certain amount of air between the body and knit, and so are very useful for underwear and sportswear material.Nowadays, we tend to produce materials with multifunctional characteristics. Levelness and fastness of dyeing are very important. Wash and wet fastnesses of conventional acid and 1:2 metal complex dyed polyamide textiles are poor due to the fairly weak physical binding of dyes on fibers of this material [1]. Polyamide fibers have a low transition state temperature, which results in thermo-migration of dyes from the inside to the surface of the fiber, even at home laundry temperatures. More problems occur during dyeing of polyamide microfibers with acid dyes. Their larger surface area requires more acid dye to achieve the same visual depth, but wash fastness of dyed microfibers is very poor [2]. 1 High wet fastness, brightness, and low environmental impact are characteristics of reactive dyes. They typically do not contain heavy metals. Although reactive dyes have not been in use for dyeing of polyamide, they have become increasingly important in recent times. Chlorodifluoropyrimidinyl [3], α-bromoacrylamido [4], chlorotriazine and VS [5], hetero-bifunctional [6], and disperse reactive dyes [7] have been analyzed for dyeing nylon. Monochlorotriazine/ vinyl sulphone hetero-bifunctional dyes were applied on nylon 6,6 fibers and very high dye fixation was obtained [8].The comparative analysis of the fastness of dyeings of Abstract The goal of our research was to obtain uniformly dyed PA6 micro knitted goods with excellent wet fastness, good UPF, and antibacterial properties. Newly developed reactive dyes and 80 nm silver particles were used. The AATCC-Test method 183 was used for the calculation of UPF of PA6 micro knitting. ICP-AES analysis was used for the determination of silver. Antibacterial activity of nano-silver on PA6 knitted goods was determined according to ASTM Designation E 2149-01. The research showed uniformly dyed PA6 micro knitting with excellent wet fastness. Dyed PA6 micro reached a UPF range between 15 and 24. ICP-AES showed high absorbance of silver. PA6 micro knittings treated with 80 nm nano-silver have high antimicrobial effectiveness against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, but after 10 washings the property is lost. Changes of color were observed on dyed PA6 micro knitting treated with nano-silver.

The preparation of polyester fibers (PES) is usually carried out by polycondensation of dimethyl ester of terephthalic acids and diols using ester interchange. In addition to the polymer, both linear and cyclic oligomers are formed. The production of cyclic oligomers during the formation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by melt polycondensation is inherent and therefore oligomers are natural constituents of all melt-extruded samples of the polymer [1]. Kricheldorf has proved that all step-growth polymerizations possess a tendency to yield cyclics as stable end-products [2]. However, there is no evidence that cyclic trimers would form during the textile processes of polyester (heat setting, dyeing, …), since the possibility of formation of cyclic trimers in the solid state is very low [3].Fibers in the manufactured state are susceptible to dimensional instability caused by the effects of load, temperature, or solvent [4]. Polyester and other synthetic fibers shrink when they are treated in a loose condition at a high temperature in water. For this reason the linear dimensions change and therefore heat setting is essential to improve the dimensional stability [5]. Industrial setting of polyester fabrics is usually done in the presence of some tension. The range of setting temperature used is quite wide, 140°C in steam and 190 to 220°C in dry air. The time of heat setting varies from less than 1 second to over 60 minutes [4]. 1 It is known that the presence of oligomers in polyester fibers cause problems at spinning, dyeing, etc [6]. The general belief is that structural changes in the polyester fiber Abstract The study examined the effect of stabilization under various conditions (temperature, time and tension) and the treatment of polyester fabric in buffered solution (pH 12) prior to hightemperature dyeing, on the migration of oligomers. The content of oligomers in the treated polyester fabric was determined by extraction in petroleum ether and dichloromethane. The extract was analyzed using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Based on the results it was established that oligomer migration was affected by temperature, time, and the stabilization tension. The greatest reduction in the content of oligomers was in polyester fabric that was stabilized in a restricted state at higher temperatures and longer times (220°C, 600 seconds). The oligomer content decreased even further if the polyester fabric was alkaline pretreated. The GPC chromatograms showed that all oligomeric extracts consisted mainly of cyclic trimers, whereas the presence and proportion of other cyclic oligomers varied with treatment conditions.

The purpose of this research was to determine the influence of temperature, pH, and the addition of sodium oxide silicium oxide (soso) on the dyeability of cotton warp during the process of dip-dyeing. A simulation of the dip-dyeing technique was used. The results show a negligible influence of dip-dyeing bath temperature on the color yield of cotton warp. Lower pH values of dip-dyeing baths cause better dyeability. Addition of soso has a particular influence on the color yield of cotton warp. As a result, the dip-dyeing procedure is shortened when soso is used. The change of color of dip-dyed cotton warp, depending on different pH of the baths and on the addition of soso, was studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. XRD showed that the dyeing conditions do not affect the crystallographic form of indigo, which is form B in all cases. On the other hand, SEM revealed the reasons for the observed effects in the differences in the morphology of the indigo crystallites.

The effect on dyeability with monobifunctional reactive dyes of a cotton fabric treated under different conditions in a 65% solution of zinc chloride is investigated using an all-in jet dyeing process. The degree of dye fixation is determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance of the dyebath, rinsing, washing, and soaping solutions at λ max. The dyeing rate and half-dyeing times of CI: RRE 268 at 70°C are defined. Changes in breaking stress, breaking elongation, and fabric shrinkage are monitored after treatment in the 65% zinc chloride solution. Changes in amorphous regions are detected using the DSC method. Our results show that the degree of dye fixation to substrate can be increased by pretreatment in the zinc chloride solution. Fabric pretreated in zinc chloride exhibits higher breaking stress and elongation, but pretreatment in zinc chloride also causes fabric shrinkage.