The testes of three birds were examined at each age period. The testicular morphometry at the respective age included the following parameters-weight, length and width, diameter of seminiferous tubules (ST), ratio between ST volume and interstitial connective tissue volume. Immediately after hatching, there were two cell types in seminiferous tubular wall-Sertoli cells (Еpitheliocytus sustentans) and spermatogonia. At 2 months of age, spermatogonia formed one row in ST with lumen and the spermatogenesis has started. At 5 months of age, all generations of germ cells were present in ST. After that age, the histological picture is the typical one for the testis of a sexually mature bird. Morphometric findings were as followed: after the 2 nd month of age, the increase in testes weight and ST diameter became more pronounced at each subsequent age period. During the breeding period (at 8-12 months of age and at 2 years of age), the weight and size of testes were the greatest. From hatch to 1 month of age, the interstitial tissue (IT) prevailed over ST, whereas at age periods that followed, the opposite relationship was observed. During the non-breeding period (18 months of age) the testicular parenchyma regressed resulting in lower testes weight, lower ST diameter and volume and presence of spermatogonia only in ST lumen. The weight and size of testes was identical to that of birds at 4 months of age.
Блуждающий нерв является основным компонентом вегетативной нервной системы. Поливагальная теория рассматривает этот нерв как две структурно и функционально раздельные ветви – вентральную и дорсальную. Дорсальная ветвь существует у большинства позвоночных. Она связана с первичными стратегиями выживания в условиях сильного стресса, заставляя «притворяться мертвым, чтобы выжить». Вентральная ветвь характерна для млекопитающих и оказывает тормозящее влияние на симпатические пути к сердцу, тем самым способствуя спокойному и просоциальному поведению. Эта ветвь обеспечивает функционирование пищевода, бронхов, гортани и глотки. Мы изучали функциональное состояние вентральной ветви, учитывая, что именно она иннервирует мышцу, поднимающую нёбную занавеску и мышцы нёбного язычка. В качестве рабочей гипотезы предположили, что дисфункциональное состояние вышеперечисленных мышц встречается при функциональной дезадаптации вентральной ветви блуждающего нерва и регуляторных рефлекторных механизмах нервной системы, то есть при неврологической дезорганизации. У пятой части обследованных была выявлена неврологическая дезорганизация. Среди представителей этой группы дисфункциональное состояние нёбного язычка и нёбной занавески встречалось значительно чаще, чем при нормальной неврологической организации. Поэтому выявление наклона нёбного язычка, одностороннего провисания нёбной занавески в покое и при нагрузке рекомендуем использовать как достоверный визуальный индикатор диагностики неврологической дезорганизации. При нормальной неврологической организации самым чувствительным индикатором диагностики функциональной дезадаптации вентральной ветви блуждающего нерва является одностороннее провисание нёбной занавески при произнесении звука «а-а-а». Полученные результаты рекомендуем использовать для диагностики неврологической дезорганизации и функциональной дезадаптации вентральной ветви блуждающего нерва. The vagus nerve is the main component of the autonomic nervous system. According to polyvagal theory, this nerve is considered as two structurally and functionally separate branches, ventral and dorsal. The dorsal branch is found in most vertebrates. It is associated with primary survival strategies in conditions of severe stress, forcing to «play dead in order to survive». The ventral branch is characteristic of mammals and has an inhibitory effect on the sympathetic pathways to the heart and thus promotes calm and prosocial behavior. This branch ensures the functioning of the esophagus, bronchi, larynx and pharynx. We studied the functional state of the ventral branch, considering that it is the one innervating the soft palate muscle and the muscles of the uvula. As a working hypothesis, we assumed that the dysfunctional state of the above muscles is found in functional disadaptation of the ventral branch of the vagus nerve and in the regulatory reflex mechanisms of the nervous system, i.e. in «neurological disorganization». Neurological disorganization was detected in a fifth of those examined. In this group, dysfunctional condition of the uvula and the soft palate was significantly more common than in normal neurological organization. Therefore, we recommend to use the detection of a tilt of the uvula and unilateral sagging of the soft palate at rest and during exercise as a reliable visual indicator for the diagnosis of neurological disorganization. In conditions of normal neurological organization, the most sensitive diagnostic indicator of functional disadaptation of the ventral branch of the vagus nerve is unilateral sagging of the soft palate when makingg the sound «a-a-a». We recommend to use the results obtained to diagnose neurological disorganization and functional disadaptation of the ventral branch of the vagus nerve.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2025 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.