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This paper employed the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) model to determine the impact of chemical fertilizer and pesticide on farm workers, consumers and the ecology, as well as imply potential threats of Chu-mango cultivation on water resource pollution. The findings indicate that the number of root fertilizer (N-P-K) is 624.1, 542.5 and 443.5 kg/ha for seasons 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The nitrogen and phosphates misuse could leach into groundwater or enter via surface runoff into waterways. The ecology components in Chu-mango farming is the most vulnerable objective among three seasons. The field use EIQ in season 1 is the highest (1,058.56) in all of three seasons, then season 2 (747.06) and season 3 (592.34). Pesticides can move into water through direct application, runoff, and atmospheric deposition to contaminate water resources. One suggestion, therefore, is that the government could encourage mango growers to adopt good agricultural practices by training programs that raise their awareness of ecological protection. This policy would help to reject banned agrochemicals in mango production, which protects the water quality. Additionally, traceability code is needed, which would help farmers change the behavior of pesticide overuse, and is to carry out individual responsibilities for their products to communities. It not only reduces loadings of agricultural pollutants to water resources but also takes the potential trade benefit.

This study employed a Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier profit function to measure the level of economic efficiency and its determinants. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 382 sample observations (118, 130, and 134 observations for seasons 1, 2, and 3, respectively). The research estimated a mean economic efficiency of 28.65%, 19.65%, and 28.00% in seasons 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The study found out the credit access variable to be positively and significantly influencing on economic efficiency in all three seasons. Besides, the results of the analysis indicated that the root fertiliser price and the land area were important factors in season 1 at the 1% significance level. In season 2, the price of fungicide, root fertiliser, leaf fertiliser influenced substantially on mango farmers , profit at the conventional significance levels. In season 3, the leaf fertiliser price, labour price and land area played a major role in economic efficiency.

Understanding both positive and negative influences of urban agriculture (UA) could encourage countries to have suitable strategies in UA development, especially in developing country's cities. The study used the environmental impact quotient (EIQ) model to identify potential risks of agro-inputs usage on urban ecosystems (human and ecology). The paper concentrates on influencing agrochemicals on farmers, consumers and ecosystems in Tuong-mango cultivation in the peri-urban area of southern Vietnam. The results show that nitrogen fertilizer plays an important role in mango production but it can cause nitrate poisoning in the surrounding community, and is especially dangerous to infants, pregnant women (birth defects and miscarriages) and adults (stomach and esophageal cancers). In addition, the fungicide makes up the highest proportion of the total agro-inputs usage. The findings indicate that active ingredients of the paclobutrazol, mancozeb, probineb, ziram and carbenazim are high in Tuong-mango cultivation in southern Vietnam. Paclobutrazol and ziram are category II (moderately hazardous), and the mancozeb, probineb, carbendazim are in the list of category U (unlikely to present acute hazard when in regular use). Besides, the ecosystem EIQ triple the farmer EIQ, are fivefold the consumer EIQ for the seasons 1, 2, and 3. The field use EIQ average value of season 1 is the highest, followed by season 2, and season 3 is the lowest. For policy solution, stakeholder reference and policy dialogue should be discussed regularly before UA is carried out in cities. Sustainable progression of UA in cities require coordination between health, agriculture and environmental departments, education and training. Moreover, urban farmers need to be supported in technical advice, training, credit access, and collection economic development.