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Metal–organic frameworks (MOF) are a class of porous materials with various functions based on their host-guest chemistry. Their selectivity, diffusion kinetics, and catalytic activity are influenced by their design and synthetic procedure. The synthesis of different MOFs has been of considerable interest during the past decade thanks to their various applications in the arena of sensors, catalysts, adsorption, and electronic devices. Among the different techniques for the synthesis of MOFs, such as the solvothermal, sonochemical, ionothermal, and mechanochemical processes, microwave-assisted synthesis has clinched a significant place in MOF synthesis. The main assets of microwave-assisted synthesis are the short reaction time, the fast rate of nucleation, and the modified properties of MOFs. The review encompasses the development of the microwave-assisted synthesis of MOFs, their properties, and their applications in various fields.

Covalent organic frameworks are porous crystals of polymers with two categories based on their covalent linkages: layered structures with two dimensions and networks with three-dimensional structures. Three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks are porous, have large surface areas, and have highly ordered structures. Since covalent bonds are responsible for the formation of three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks, their synthesis has been a challenge and different structures are generated during the synthesis. Moreover, initially, their topologies have been limited to dia, ctn, and bor which are formed by the condensation of triangular or linear units with tetrahedral units. There are very few building units available for their synthesis. Finally, the future perspective of 3D COFs has been designated for the future development of three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks.

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