Background Patient activation has been described as a potential strategy to improve chronic disease self-management. However, the effects of patient activation interventions on psychological and behavioral outcomes have not been systematically evaluated. Purpose This study was designed to evaluate the effects of patient activation interventions on physiological, psychological, behavioral, and health-related quality of life outcomes in patients with chronic diseases. Methods We systematically searched four databases (PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Embase) from inception to September 1, 2017. We identified English- and Chinese-language published reports of randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effects of patient activation interventions for adults with chronic diseases. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were performed by two reviewers independently. We summarized the intervention effects with Hedges's g values and 95% confidence intervals using a random-effects model. We used the Cochrane Handbook to assess the methodological quality of the randomized controlled trials. Results Twenty-six randomized controlled trials were included in the qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis. In terms of overall study quality, most of the included studies were affected by performance and detection bias. Patient activation interventions produced significant effects on outcomes related to physiological, psychological, behavioral, and health-related quality of life in the context of chronic diseases. The following effect sizes were obtained: (a) physiological, namely, glycated hemoglobin = −0.31 (p < .01), systolic blood pressure = −0.20 (p < .01), diastolic blood pressure = −0.80 (p = .02), body weight = −0.12 (p = .03), and low-density lipoprotein = −0.21 (p = .01); (b) psychological, namely, depression = −0.16 (p < .01) and anxiety = −0.25 (p = .01); (c) behavioral, namely, patient activation = 0.33 (p < .01) and self-efficacy = 0.57 (p < .01); and (d) health-related quality of life = 0.25 (p = .01). Conclusions Patient activation interventions significantly improve patients' physiological, psychosocial, and behavioral health statuses. Healthcare providers should implement patient activation interventions that tailor support to the individual patients' level of patient activation and strengthen the patients' role in managing their healthcare to improve chronic-disease-related health outcomes.

Aim To assess the effects of self‐management interventions on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, self‐efficacy, medication adherence and body mass index in older adults with hypertension. Background Effective treatment of hypertension may require the practice of self‐management behaviours. However, evidence on effects of self‐management interventions on blood pressure, self‐efficacy, medication adherence and body mass index in older adults with hypertension is lacking. Design A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Data sources CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, Ovid‐Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and other sources were searched to October 2020. Review methods Data were analysed using Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis 2.0 and quality assessment was done using ROB 2.0. The pooled effect sizes were reported as Hedges' g values with corresponding 95% confidence intervals using a random‐effects model. Results Twelve randomized controlled trials met our inclusion criteria. The results revealed that self‐management interventions significantly decreased blood pressure and increased self‐efficacy and medication adherence in older adult patients with hypertension, with no significant effect on body mass index. Conclusions Self‐management interventions have considerable beneficial effects in older adults with hypertension. Health care providers should implement self‐management interventions to strengthen the patient's role in managing their health.

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Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of proprioceptive training on balance performance, trunk control, and gait speed in people with stroke. Methods We searched PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, Embase, and Medline for randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effects of proprioceptive training for patients with stroke from the date of each database's inception to July 26, 2021. Two reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts of potentially eligible articles that were identified on the basis of the search criteria. Methodological quality was determined using version 2 of the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials. Data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. The treatment effect was estimated by calculating Hedges’ g and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random-effects model. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed according to the I2 value. The primary outcome was balance performance and secondary outcomes were trunk control, gait speed, and basic functional mobility. Results In total, 17 trials involving 447 people with stroke were included. Proprioceptive training had a significant effect on balance performance (Hedges’ g = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.36–1.01), gait speed (Hedges’ g = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.19–0.94), trunk control (Hedges’ g = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.33–1.17), and basic functional mobility (Hedges’ g = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.31–0.94) among people with stroke. Conclusion Proprioceptive training may be effective in improving balance performance, gait speed, trunk control, and basic functional mobility among people with stroke.