This paper proposes a systematized presentation and a terminology for observations in a Bayesian network. It focuses on the three main concepts of uncertain evidence, namely likelihood evidence and fixed and not-fixed probabilistic evidence, using a review of previous literature. A probabilistic finding on a variable is specified by a local probability distribution and replaces any former belief in that variable. It is said to be fixed or not fixed regarding whether it has to be kept unchanged or not after the arrival of observation on other variables. Fixed probabilistic evidence Véronique Delcroix Science and Enterprise Parks, LE11 3TU Leicestershire, UK is defined by Valtorta et al. (J Approx Reason 29(1):71-106 2002) under the name soft evidence, whereas the concept of not-fixed probabilistic evidence has been discussed by Chan and Darwiche (Artif Intell 163(1):67-90 2005). Both concepts have to be clearly distinguished from likelihood evidence defined by Pearl (1988), also called virtual evidence, for which evidence is specified as a likelihood ratio, that often represents the unreliability of the evidence. Since these three concepts of uncertain evidence are not widely understood, and the terms used to describe these concepts are not well established, most Bayesian networks engines do not offer well defined propagation functions to handle them. Firstly, we present a review of uncertain evidence and the proposed terminology, definitions and concepts related to the use of uncertain evidence in Bayesian networks. Then we describe updating algorithms for the propagation of uncertain evidence. Finally, we propose several results where the use of fixed or not-fixed probabilistic evidence is required.

269mechanism of chain growth at the interface of the transition metal and of intrinsic fluorite-type oxide for the dissociation of CO on palladium and the formation of high alcohols in syngas conversion.Some points however remain unclear. Thus a high alcohol selectivity is found on the intrinsic fluorite-type oxide. The catalytic site has been assigned to a set formed by transition-metal atom (or adjacent atoms) and a couple of adjacent vacant anionic sites and anionic sites on the support (Scheme VII). Now we may expect from the intrinsic nature of these oxides an ordered distribution of surface anionic vacancies. Thus the specific nature of the catalytic site may induce some special alcohol selectivity rather than a Schulz-Flory distribution. To test this hypothesis, further work must be undertaken in order to prepare catalysts supported on fluorite-type oxides with a controlled and homogeneous distribution of anionic vacancies.Acknowledgment. Many thanks are due to Mr. Lavergne (Universitt de Paris VI), Mrs. Bacri, and Mr. Vennegues (Universitt de Strasbourg) for TEM, BET, and XRD experiments, respectively.The absorption and fluorescence of 0-, m-, and p-distyrylbenzenes on surfaces of polycrystalline silica and alumina were investigated in the adsorbed state. Time-resolved diffuse reflectance transient absorption spectra were recorded following pulsed nanosecond laser excitation at 354 nm. In each case, a long-lived transient was detected and assigned to radical-cation absorption, and in two cases a short-lived transient was observed and assigned to triplet-triplet absorption. The radicals were also detected by ESR spectroscopy after laser excitation. Experimental observations of the laser fluence dependence of the radical-ion formation efficiency are consistent with a mechanism involving the sequential absorption of two photons during the same laser pulse. It is shown that model calculations for one-and two-photon excitation processes give predictions that are in good agreement with the measurements of the triplet-state and radical-ion production, respectively. The radicals decay by electron-ion recombination. The experimentally observed decay curves are well described by a temperature-activated diffusion model. Decay kinetics are discussed and tested in relation to this theoretical treatment.

Triplet‐triplet energy transfer has been studied between benzophenone and an oxazine dye (2,7‐bis(diethyl‐amino)‐phenazoxonium chloride) co‐adsorbed on the surface of microcrystalline cellulose. Ground state absorption and fluorescence measurements provide evidence for dimer formation of the oxazine dye when adsorbed on cellulose in contrast to the behaviour in ethanol solution where no dimerization is observed. The equilibrium constant for dimerization, which is found to be (1.0 × 0.1) × 106 mol−1 g (2560 × 250 dm3 mol−1) for oxazine alone on cellulose decreases in the presence of co‐adsorbed benzophenone. Fluorescence is detected from excited monomeric but not from excited dimeric oxazine. The absorption spectrum of the triplet state of oxazine adsorbed on cellulose was obtained and its extinction coefficient evaluated relative to that of triplet benzophenone which was used as a sensitizer. The lifetime of adsorbed triplet oxazine is 4.3 ms which is 300 times longer than that in acetonitrile solution. The efficiency of energy transfer from triplet benzophenone to oxazine on cellulose was studied using both time resolved sensitized absorption and phosphorescence intensity measurements as a function of oxazine concentration. Lifetime measurements show that the energy transfer process involves static quenching since the benzophenone lifetime is independent of oxazine loading at the surface. A mechanism is proposed to explain the results in which one oxazine molecule is suggested as being able to quench phosphorescence from a “pool” consisting of 2 to 3 benzophenone molecules.

replace with: Currently, the impacts of wide-scale implementation of photovoltaic (PV) technology are evaluated in terms of such indicators as rated capacity, energy output or return on investment. However, as PV markets mature, consideration of additional impacts (such as electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure or socioeconomic factors) is required to evaluate potential costs and benefits of wide-scale PV in relation to specific policy objectives. This study describes a hybrid GIS spatio-temporal modelling approach integrating probabilistic analysis via a Bayesian technique to evaluate multi-scale/multi-domain impacts of PV. First, a wide-area solar resource modelling approach utilising GIS-based dynamic interpolation is presented and the implications for improved impact analysis on electrical networks are discussed. Subsequently, a GIS-based analysis of PV deployment in an area of constrained electricity network capacity is presented, along with an impact analysis of specific policy implementation upon the spatial distribution of increasing PV penetration. Finally, a Bayesian probabilistic graphical model for assessment of socioeconomic impacts of domestic PV at high penetrations is demonstrated. Taken together, the results show that integrated spatio-temporal probabilistic assessment supports multi-domain analysis of the impacts of PV, thereby providing decision makers with a tool to facilitate deliberative and systematic evidence-based policy making incorporating diverse stakeholder perspectives.