Metastatic disease in the parotid gland and its associated lymph nodes is generally thought to be uncommon. A review of 121 cases was undertaken to study the incidence, histology and prognosis of secondary malignancy in the parotid region. Forty-two per cent of the cases were secondary malignancies. The majority of these were squamous cell carcinoma. and in this group the prognosis was p r .

The smartphone box trainer is inexpensive (approximately $60) and took less than 20 minutes to build. The cost was almost entirely for the VGA adaptor. The box trainer was light, portable and easily transported to any setting that provided a computer screen. It is an inexpensive, easy-to-assemble, replicable model that benefits from the advanced technology of personal smartphones, and can be easily accessed as a useful tool in learning and improving laparoscopic techniques. Laparoscopic surgery requires different abilities to open surgery.

Instillation of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an effective treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). The high incidence of side effects may limit its tolerability in patients. Local side effects including cystitis and hematuria are common but generally self-limiting. Bladder contractures are a rare but serious consequence of BCG treatment. In this case, an 82 year-old male developed BCG reactivation and subsequent bladder contractures following transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) three years post-BCG. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of BCG reactivation post-TURP leading to the rare but serious effect of bladder contractures.

Our preliminary study demonstrates the feasibility of EGFR determination in bladder washings of patients affected by NMIBC after TUR, during adjuvant treatment and subsequent follow-up. A useful pellet was available in more than 85% of patients, with evidence of up-regulation in 36% of them. Within the high risk category, a significant overexpression of EGFR, mean value of 4.16 folds, was detected. EGFR overexpression might identify a subgroup of high risk tumors inclined to progression despite of intravesical therapy and could represent an additional prognostic factor to select candidates for early radical cystectomy.