A physical and mathematical model used in the third tier of the California Department of Water Resources ' Urban Levee Geotechnical Evaluations Program Erosion Screening Process (ESP) is described. It has been developed and calibrated based on the results of Erosion Function Apparatus (EF A) test results of California river and levee soil samples, confirming the relationships re lating general soil classification to erosion resistance as a function of water-induced shear stresses. The model is used to assess erosion during normal andlor flood conditions for combined wind and current loads. An example calculation using the method is provided.

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A two-dimensional, depth-averaged kinetic model of copper cycling was developed for the San Francisco Bay estuary. Adsorption and desorption reaction rate constants were determined from experimental sorption experiments. To calibrate the model, processes related to aqueous speciation were included. The model was used to predict spatial and seasonal trends in the adsorption and desorption of copper. Model predictions show that copper is continually being re-partitioned between sediment and water. Re-partitioning is prevalent near tributary and anthropogenic sources. It also occurs between segments of the bay, in response to differences in salinity and the availability of organic ligands dissolved in the water. In areas of restricted circulation such as the South Bay, copper adsorbed onto settling particles during wet season storm events acts as a source to the water column during the dry season. The relative contribution of resuspended benthic sediment to dissolved copper concentrations is highly variable in the bay. In the North Bay, dissolved copper is principally introduced from the San Joaquin-Sacramento Delta. In the South and lower South bays, desorption from sediment during the dry season may contribute as much as 20% of the total mass input of dissolved copper. Improvement of water quality can be achieved by reducing loads; however, changes are predicted to take years.