Résumé L'impact physique réel des perturbations environnementales contemporaines, souvent qualifiées de « changement climatique », demeure difficilement quantifiable. La communauté scientifique mondiale fait face à des incertitudes sur les amplitudes, la sphère géographique affectée et le calendrier de telles perturbations. Il n'en demeure pas moins que des analyses scientifiques empiriques ont décelé des liens presque mathématiques entre certains changements climatiques brusques et l'augmentation de l'insécurité humaine dans certaines localités, régions ou pays 1 . Le changement climatique y est décrit non pas comme un créateur de conflits armés ou d'insécurité humaine mais comme un multiplicateur de « stress économico-social » pouvant, en parallèle d'autres perturbateurs, faciliter la chute vers la conflictualité armée 2 .
This article addresses a key legal debate that the Baltic NATO members ought to engage in: what constitutes an "armed attack" and what interpretation should be made of this concept in order to deter recent Russian hybrid warfare strategies. These questions are considered in connection with a more general issue regarding the law of self-defence: the question of what constitutes an armed attack in international law. This article will try to present a broad definition and context of Russian hybrid warfare and how it is challenging traditional jus ad bellum paradigms. Too few policy-makers have paid detailed attention to the new Russian "lawfare" in Ukraine, using specific military and non-military tactics in order to blur the lines between "armed attack" and mere political intervention. Meanwhile, legal scholars detach their analysis from actual policy-serving considerations and tend to acquiesce to some very restrictive theories of the use force in self-defence. For some countries, like the Baltic ones, facing strategic exposure -because of both threatening neighbours and low military capacities -the jus ad bellum paradigm should not be construed as another layer of obstacle.
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